Suchergebnisse

We present the local convergence of a Newton-type solver for equations involving Banach space valued operators. The eighth order of convergence was shown earlier in the special case of the k-dimensional Euclidean space, using hypotheses up to the eighth derivative although these derivatives do not appear in the method. We show convergence using only the rst derivative. This way we extend the applicability of the methods. Numerical examples are used to show the convergence conditions. Finally, the basins of attraction of the method, on some test problems are presented.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nazarapur-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 438 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 293 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 77 ha is covered by forest. 44 ha is under Rock outcrops and 24 ha is under others (Habitation water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 293 ha (67%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  An area of about 12 per cent soils are deep (100-150cm), about 5 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 7 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 44 per cent soils are Very shallow and shallow (200mm/m), 5 percent soils are medium (51-100), 51 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and 12 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 57 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 10 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has medium (10-20ppm) in available sulphur  Available boron is low (4.5ppm) in entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) which covers an area of about 12 percent in the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 50(11) 50(11) Guava - 22(5) Maize - 100(23) Sapota - 22(5) Bajra - 100(23) Pomegranate - 72(16) Groundnut - 31(7) Musambi 47(11) 25(6) Sunflower 50(11) 22(5) Lime 47(11) 25(6) Redgram - 72(16) Amla - 100(23) Bengal gram 50(11) 28(6) Cashew - - Cotton 50(11) 28(6) Jackfruit - 22(5) Chilli - 100(23) Jamun - 50(11) Tomato - 97(22) Custard apple 68(16) 31(7) Brinjal 47(11) 53(12) Tamarind - 50(11) Onion 68(16) 28(6) Mulberry - 22(5) Bhendi 68(16) 31(7) Marigold - 100(23) Drumstick - 72(16) Chrysanthemum - 100(23) Mango - 47(11)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 110 (70.51%) men and 45 (28.85%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5.75, marginal farmers' was 4.6, small farmers' was 4, semi medium farmers' was 4.3 and medium farmers were 4.  The data indicated that, 18 (11.54%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 64 (41.03%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (29.49%) were in 36-60 years of age and 28 (17.95%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Nazarapur-2 had 51.92 per cent illiterates, 0.64 per cent of them functional literate, 8.97 per cent of them had primary school, 15.38 per cent of them had high school, education, 4.49 per cent of them had PUC, 1.28 per cent of them had diploma, 3.21 per cent of them had ITI, 11.54 per cent of them had degree and 1.28 per cent of them had masters education.  The results indicate that, 82.35 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 2.94 per cent of the household heads were government and private services.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 73.08 per cent of the household members, 0.64 per cent were general labourers, 1.92 per cent were government service, 5.77 per cent were private services, 9.62 per cent student and 2.56 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 32.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 67.65 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 2.94 per cent of the households possess radio and car/four wheeler, 91.18 per cent of the households possess TV, 61.76 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 17.65 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 5.88 per cent of the households possess bicycle cycle, 29.41 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.18 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of radio was Rs. 3,000, television was Rs. 5,064, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,842, refrigerator was Rs. 7,833, bicycle was Rs. 1,000, motor cycle was Rs. 31,818, car/four wheeler was Rs. 30,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,692.  About 23.53 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 44.12 per cent each of the households possess plough, 20.59 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.94 per cent of the households possss transplanter/grinder, 5.88 per cent of the households possess tractor and thresher, 26.47 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 61.76 per cent of the households possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 45,250, plough was Rs. 2,690, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 5,428, transplanter was Rs. 5,000, tractor was Rs. 400,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,163, thresher was Rs. 20,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 98.  The results indicate that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess bullocks, buffalo, sheep and goat, 17.65 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.94 per cent of the households possess pigs and 8.82 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.07, average own labour (women) available was 1.03, average hired labour (men) available was 7.73 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.13.  The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate 2.94 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Nazarapur-2 micro-watershed possess 27.52 ha (81.96%) of dry land and 6.06 ha (18.04%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.74 ha (98.32%) of dry land and 0.15 ha (1.68%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 1.66 ha (40.59%) of dry land and 2.43 ha (59.41%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 12.26 ha (90.23%) of dry land and 1.33 ha (9.77%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.86 ha (69.28%) of dry land and 2.15 ha (30.72%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 968,164.44 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 758,984.63. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,194,976.85 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 1,335,135.12. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 783,170.75 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 823,333.33 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 725,751.07 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 1,204,878.06 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,235,000 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 371,428.56 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.76 per cent and open well was the source in the micro watershed for 2.94 per cent of the farmers. 3  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.41 meters and open well was found to be 3.14 meters.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown green gram (1.02%), red gram (26.51 ha), cotton (0.81 ha) groundnut (3.48 ha) and paddy (0.96%). Marginal farmers have grown green gram, red gram and paddy. Small farmers have grown red gram, cotton and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown red gram and groundnut. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Nazarapur-2 micro-watershed was found to be 98.07 per cent.  The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of the households have bank account and 82.35 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 23.53 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank and 50 per cent of the households have borrowed from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 323,250.  The results indicate that, 84.62 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production and 15.38 per of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of construction-house, construction-cattle shed.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 81098.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 123500. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 42401.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.52.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 221155.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 134692.56. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -86463.26. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.61.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 211796.99. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 87710.40. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. -124086.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.41.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 69339.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 167832.78. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 98493.10. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.42.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 197356.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 102888.85. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -94467.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.52. 4  The results indicate that, 14.71 per cent of the households opined that dry and green fodder was adequate, 23.53 per cent of the households opined that dry and green fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 462,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 121,888.89, for small farmers it was Rs. 283,750, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 285,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 1,825,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 140,877.45. For landless farmers it was Rs. 168,333.33, marginal farmers it was Rs. 24,185.19, for small farmers it was Rs. 195,000, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 29,361.11 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 1,362,500.  The results indicate that, households have planted 2 coconut, jack fruit and lemon, 89 custard apple, 6 guava and 8 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak, 32 neem and 8 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 59,264.71 for land development.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 8.82 per cent for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 79.41 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 90.74 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 97.56 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 95.56 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 89.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 91.18 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant.  The results indicated that, 2.94 per cent of the households have used cart and truck, 79.41 per cent were used tractor and 5.88 per cent were bus as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 52.94 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 5.88 per cent of the households used dung cake, 91.18 per cent of the households used fire wood and 2.94 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5  The results indicated that, 55.88 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 73.53 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 67.65 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 5.88 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 97.06 per cent, fruits were adequate for 14.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 85.29 per cent and egg were adequate for 85.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 29.41 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 94.12 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 2.94 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 82.35 per cent, milk were inadequate for 14.71 per cent, egg were inadequate for 88.24 per cent and meat were inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field, Inadequacy of irrigation water and High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals in the area was the constraint experienced by 100 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (97.06%), high rate of interest on credit (85.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (97.06%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.71%), inadequate extension service (73.53%) and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (23.53%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Este texto presenta, de forma resumida, algunos de los principales resultados de diez estudios que se realizaron en el campo de la ética y la política, en el marco de la Medición Funcional. Estos estudios trataron de: (a) los puntos de vista de la gente de Angola y Mozambique sobre la legitimidad de las intervenciones militares-humanitaria; (b) las perspectivas de los franceses con respecto a la responsabilidad del gobierno con la salud de los consumidores de sustancias ilícitas; (c) las perspectivas de las personas de Togo acerca de la aceptabilidad de amnistías políticas en un momento de transición política; (d) las perspectivas de las víctimas del genocidio de los Tutsis en Ruanda en cuanto a la atribución de culpabilidad a los descendientes de los perpetradores de violencia; (e) los puntos de vista de los descendientes de esclavos acerca de la aceptabilidad de las políticas nacionales de reparaciones por la esclavitud; (f) la disposición de los colombianos a perdonar autores de la violencia que causaron daño a miembros de la familia durante el conflicto armado interno; (g) las actitudes de los franceses y colombianos acerca de las políticas nacionales de control de drogas; (h) los puntos de vista de los estudiantes indios acerca de la idoneidad de la pena de muerte por asesinato o violación; (i) las perspectivas de los colombianos con respecto a la corrupción, y, finalmente, (j) la conceptualización de los derechos humanos en la población venezolana. Los principales resultados se discuten en relación con seis de los fundamentos de la Teoría de los Fundamentos Morales. ; We present, in a synthetic way, some of the main findings from ten studies that were conducted in the field of ethics in politics, using the Functional Measurement framework. These studies were about (a) Angolan and Mozambican people's views about the legitimacy of military-humanitarian interventions, (b) French people's perspectives regarding the government's responsibility for the health of consumers of illicit substances, (c) Togolese people's views about the acceptability of political amnesties in a time of political transition, (d) the perspective of victims of the genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda regarding the attribution of guilt by association to offspring of perpetrators, (e) slave descendants' views about the acceptability of national policies on reparations for slavery, (f) Colombian people's willingness to forgive perpetrators of violence who harmed family members during the civil war, (g) the attitudes of French and Colombian people about national drug control policies, (h) Indian students' views about the appropriateness of the death penalty for murder or rape, (i) Colombian people's perspectives regarding corruption, and finally (j) Venezuelan people's conceptualization of human rights. The main findings are discussed in reference to six of the foundations of Moral Foundations Theory.