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In May 2019, the Seminar "Rethinking local cultural policies- Local policies as creators of cultural capital," was held in Valladolid (Spain). Issues regarding actual and future local cultural agendas were presented and discussed, on the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the first democratic municipal elections in Spain in the second half of the twentieth century. Strengthening local cultural capital, recovering political leadership for culture, fighting the cultural and gender gap in culture and bringing cultural rights together with cultural and creative industries were some of the topics discussed in the session. ; En mayo de 2019 se celebraba en Valladolid el Seminario "Repensar políticas culturales locales. Las políticas locales como creadoras de capital cultural". En él se presentaron y debatieron asuntos de las agendas culturales locales del presente y el futuro, con motivo del cuarenta aniversario de las primeras elecciones municipales democráticas en España en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Reforzar el capital cultural local, recuperar para la cultura liderazgo político, luchar contra la brecha cultu-ral y de género en la cultura y hacer convivir los derechos culturales con las industrias culturales y creativas fueron algunos de los temas tratados en la sesión. Palabras clave: políticas culturales, capital cultural, liderazgo cultural, brecha de género, derechos culturales, industrias culturales y creativas. Rethinking local cultural policies Abstrat: In May 2019, the Seminar "Rethinking local cultural policies- Local policies as creators of cultural capital,"was held in Valladolid (Spain). Issues regarding actual and future local cultural agendas were presented anddiscussed, on the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the first democratic municipal elections in Spain in the second half of the twentieth century. Strengthening local cultural capital, recovering political leadership for culture, fighting the cultural and gender gap in culture and bringing cultural rights together with cultural and creative industries were some of the topics discussed in the session. Keywords: cultural policies, cultural capital, cultural leadership, gender gap, cultural rights, cultural and creative industries. Artículo recibido: 11/03/2019// Artículo aceptado: 16/03/2019

El presente estudio realiza un metaanálisis de la relación entre el nivel socioeconómico de las familias y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes peruanos entre los años 2000 y 2014. Se identificaron 28 estudios de investigación en educación, que contenían un total de 132 tamaños de efecto que fueron analizados para el presente estudio. Se usó como tamaño del efecto el estadístico z de Fisher, el cual se estimó a partir del cálculo del coeficiente de correlación entre el rendimiento y el nivel socioeconómico en cada uno de los estudios identificados. Los resultados muestran que, poco a poco, los estudios de investigación educativa vienen usando índices compuestos para medir el nivel socioeconómico de las familias, aspecto que permite contar con una medida que refleja las diferentes dimensiones del bienestar en el hogar. El efecto promedio del nivel socioeconómico de los estudiantes fue de 0,03 desviaciones estándar, mientras que el efecto de la composición socioeconómica de la escuela fue de 0,21 desviaciones estándar; así, se aprecia que el efecto de la composición socioeconómica de la escuela es mayor en el rendimiento. Estos resultados sugieren que el nivel socioeconómico resulta ser una variable importante para explicar el rendimiento de los estudiantes peruanos, ya sea en el ámbito individual o escolar. Por este motivo, las investigaciones en educación que analicen factores asociados a los resultados académicos de los estudiantes deben incluir esta variable en ambos niveles, para evitar la sobreestimación de los efectos de las variables escolares.

Homogeneous diethyl phthalate/phenylphthalein-dimethylether (DEP/PDE) mixtures have been investigated by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Contrarily to the widespread view that homogenous binary mixtures should give rise to a single glass transition, the mixture displays two dynamics giving rise to two glass transitions. Such a finding can be rationalized invoking the self-concentration concept that relies on the localized nature of the glass transition phenomenon. In such a way, the analogy with miscible polymer blends, for which this concept has been introduced, is highlighted. A model based on the combination of the Adam-Gibbs (AG) theory of the glass transition and the self-concentration concept resulted to be fully predictive once the only unknown variable, namely, the glass-former specific parameter (α) connecting the characteristic length for the glass transition to the configurational entropy, is extracted applying the model itself to DEP/toluene and DEP/PDE solutions highly concentrated, respectively, in DEP and PDE. The α parameter obtained in such a way allows the precise determination of the most probable relaxation time even for those DEP/PDE mixtures displaying a strong overlap of the dielectric response. The model incorporating the self-concentration concept to the AG theory also provides the characteristic length scale for the glass transition for both DEP and PDE. Such a length scale was found to be on the order of 1–2 nm. This is comparable to that obtained for other glass formers. ; The authors acknowledge the University of the Basque Country and Basque Country Government (Ref. No. IT-436-07), Depto. Educación, Universidades e Investigación and Spanish Minister of Education (Grant No. MAT 2007-63681) for their support. The support of the European Community within the SOFTCOMP program is also acknowledged. ; Peer reviewed

Using a simple mathematical formalism, we show that temperature dependent nonexponential relaxation found in glass-forming liquids and amorphous polymers, often resulting in a decrease in the stretching exponent when decreasing temperature, can be suitably described assuming the combination of an intrinsic stretched response and the existence of temperature independent heterogeneities. The effect of the latter is incorporated by assuming a Gaussian distribution of Vogel temperatures. Comparison with experimental data of a large number of glass formers showed that this approach is able to quasiquantitatively describes the temperature dependence of the stretching exponent using the width of the distribution as the single fitting parameter. According to this approach, the rapidity of the decrease in the stretching exponent with decreasing temperature depends not only on the magnitude of the standard deviation of Vogel temperatures but also on the value of the intrinsic stretching exponent and on the fragility of the glass former. The latter result is able to rationalize, at least partially, the empirical correlation between the fragility and the stretching exponent at Tg. ; The authors acknowledge the University of the Basque Country and Basque Country Government (Ref. No. IT-436-07, Depto. Educación, Universidades e Investigación) and the Spanish Minister of Education (Grant No. MAT 2007-63681) for their support. The support of the European Community within the SOFTCOMP program was also acknowledged. ; Peer reviewed

The dynamics of homogenous polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB54)/toluene mixtures have been investigated by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The mixture presents dynamical heterogeneity, alike miscible polymer blends, which is manifested with the presence of two relaxational processes. The relatively slow one has been attributed to the motion of PCB54 in the mixture, whereas the relatively fast one was related to the toluene dynamics in the mixture. These results have been interpreted according to the self-concentration concept, first introduced to describe the dynamics of miscible polymer blends, which relies on the limited size of the cooperative length scale in glass-forming liquids. The self-concentration concept has been incorporated in the Adam–Gibbs theory of the glass transition relating the characteristic relaxation time and the length scale for structural relaxation to the configurational entropy. This allowed the determination of the cooperative length scale of PCB54 and toluene both in mixture and alone through the fitting of a single parameter, namely, that connecting the cooperative length scale to the configurational entropy. This length scale resulted to be in the range of 1–2nm for all systems. Finally, the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of toluene induced by the selective freezing in of PCB54 has been examined and its relation to the Johari–Goldstein relaxation of pure toluene was critically discussed. ; The authors acknowledge the University of the Basque Country and Basque Country Government (Ref. IT-436-07, Depto. Educación, Universidades e Investigación) and Spanish Minister of Education (MAT 2007-63681) for their support. The support of the European Community within the SoftComp program is also acknowledged. ; Peer reviewed

The occurrence of glass transition is believed to be associated to cooperative motion with a growing length scale with decreasing temperature. We provide a route to calculate the size of cooperatively rearranging regions (CRR) of glass-forming polymers combining the Adam-Gibbs theory of the glass transition with the self-concentration concept. To do so we explore the dynamics of glass-forming polymers in different environments. The material specific parameter α connecting the size of the CRR to the configurational entropy is obtained in this way. Thereby, the size of CRR can be precisely quantified in absolute values. This size results to be in the range 1–3nm at the glass transition temperature depending on the glass-forming polymer. ; The authors acknowledge the University of the Basque Country and Basque Country Government -Contract No. 9/UPV 00206.215-13568/2001 and Spanish Minister of Education -Contract No. MAT 2004-01617 for their support. The support of the European Community within the SoftComp program is also acknowledged. ; Peer reviewed

The mobility of isolated polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB54) in 1,4-polybutadiene (PB) has been investigated by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The aim was to provide new insights about the effect of the environment on the dynamics of PCB54. The authors' results indicate that PCB54 structural dynamics is neither independent of the PB matrix nor slaved to the matrix itself. The authors interpret these results as a consequence of the limited size of cooperatively rearranging regions (CRRs) involved in PCB54 structural relaxation possessing an effective concentration different from the macroscopic one. This implies a non-negligible influence of "self-concentration," already proven for the component segmental dynamics in polymer blends, also in the relaxation of binary mixtures involving low molecular weight glass formers. This allowed the evaluation of the size of CRR, which was about 1nm for PCB54 in PB. This means that the cooperativity extends over the first shell around PCB54 molecules. ; The authors acknowledge the University of the Basque Country and Basque Country Government -9/UPV00206.215-13568/2001 and Spanish Minister of Education MAT 2004-01617 for their support. The support of the European Community with the SoftComp program -Project No. NMP3-CT-2004-502235 is also acknowledged. ; Peer reviewed

This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymer Science and Technology in Spain (2020,2021). ; Combining neutron scattering and fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations allows unraveling structural and dynamical features of polymer melts at different length scales, mainly in the intermolecular and monomeric range. Here we present the methodology developed by us and the results of its application during the last years in a variety of polymers. This methodology is based on two pillars: (i) both techniques cover approximately the same length and time scales and (ii) the classical van Hove formalism allows easily calculating the magnitudes measured by neutron scattering from the simulated atomic trajectories. By direct comparison with experimental results, the simulated cell is validated. Thereafter, the information of the simulations can be exploited, calculating magnitudes that are experimentally inaccessible or extending the parameters range beyond the experimental capabilities. We show how detailed microscopic insight on structural features and dynamical processes of various kinds has been gained in polymeric systems with different degrees of complexity, and how intriguing questions as the collective behavior at intermediate length scales have been faced. ; This research was funded by the Basque Government, code: IT-1175-19 and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad code: PGC2018-094548-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). ; Peer reviewed

[EN] Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be measured by a number of different criteria, some of which are similar to each other, while others can be manifestly contrary to the general tendency. This means that some companies can obtain a good valuation in some criteria but a bad valuation in others, which makes it difficult to assess the company¿s overall CSR valuation. It is not easy to find a single measure that covers all aspects of corporate social performance. This paper aims to estimate multicriteria CSR performance through different models of goal programming and by taking into account all the dimensions that make up CSR. An illustrative example shows the result of applying these models to a database composed of 212 European companies, which enabled us to identify the most socially responsible group, regardless of the approach considered in the construction of the multicriteria performance. The results show that environmental and corporate governance dimensions are the most important elements in measuring this performance ; García-Martínez, G.; Guijarro, F.; Poyatos-León, JÁ. (2019). Measuring the social responsibility of European companies: a goal programming approach. International Transactions in Operational Research. 26(3). doi:10.1111/itor.12438 ; S ; 26 ; 3

26 3 ; S ; [EN] Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be measured by a number of different criteria, some of which are similar to each other, while others can be manifestly contrary to the general tendency. This means that some companies can obtain a good valuation in some criteria but a bad valuation in others, which makes it difficult to assess the company¿s overall CSR valuation. It is not easy to find a single measure that covers all aspects of corporate social performance. This paper aims to estimate multicriteria CSR performance through different models of goal programming and by taking into account all the dimensions that make up CSR. An illustrative example shows the result of applying these models to a database composed of 212 European companies, which enabled us to identify the most socially responsible group, regardless of the approach considered in the construction of the multicriteria performance. The results show that environmental and corporate governance dimensions are the most important elements in measuring this performance García-Martínez, G.; Guijarro, F.; Poyatos-León, JÁ. (2019). Measuring the social responsibility of European companies: a goal programming approach. International Transactions in Operational Research. 26(3). doi:10.1111/itor.12438

The impact of supramolecular aggregate formation on the shear viscosity response of hydrogen bonded liquids was investigated. In particular, we study the shear mechanical response of several monoalcohols showing exponential and non-exponential shape dielectric Debye-like relaxation. In addition to the structural relaxation, distinctive of the glass transition, and the terminal crossover to pure viscous flow, characteristic of simple liquid flow, systematic analysis of complex viscosity curves evidences the presence of an additional intermediate process between those two. While the recovery of pure viscous flow would reflect the complete relaxation of the hydrogen bonded aggregates the intermediate process correlates with the rotational dynamics of hydroxyl groups, potentially caused by the breaking of individual hydrogen bonds. ; We acknowledge the support of the following research projects MAT2015-63704-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE) supported by the Spanish Ministry "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad" and IT-654-13 Supported by the Basque Government. ; Peer reviewed

We have investigated the Debye-like relaxation in a series of monoalcohols (MAs) by broadband dielectric spectroscopy and thermally stimulated depolarization current techniques in order to get further insight on the time dispersion of this intriguing relaxation. Results indicate that the Debye-like relaxation of MAs is not always of exponential type and conforms well to a dispersion of Cole-Davidson type. Apart from the already reported non-exponentiality of the Debye-like relaxation in 2-hexyl-1-decanol and 2-butyl-1-octanol, a detailed analysis of the dielectric permittivity of 5-methyl-3-heptanol shows that this MA also presents some extent of dispersion on its Debye-like relaxation which strongly depends on the temperature. Results suggest that the non-exponential character of the Debye-like relaxation might be a general characteristic in the case of not so intense Debye-like relaxations relative to the α relaxation. Finally, we briefly discuss on the T-dependence and possible origin for the observed dispersion. ; We acknowledge the support of the following research Project Nos. MAT2015-63704-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE) supported by the Spanish Ministry "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad" and IT-654-13 supported by the Basque Government. ; Peer Reviewed

We explore new routes for characterizing the Debye-like and α relaxation in 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2E1H) monoalcohol by using low frequency dielectric techniques including thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) techniques and isothermal depolarization current methods. In this way, we have improved the resolution of the overlapped processes making it possible the analysis of the data in terms of a mode composition as expected for a chain-like response. Furthermore the explored ultralow frequencies enabled to study dynamics at relatively low temperatures close to the glass transition (Tg ). Results show, on the one hand, that Debye-like and α relaxation timescales dramatically approach to each other upon decreasing temperature to Tg . On the other hand, the analysis of partial polarization TSDC data confirms the single exponential character of the Debye-like relaxation in 2E1H and rules out the presence of Rouse type modes in the scenario of a chain-like response. Finally, on crossing the glass transition, the Debye-like relaxation shows non-equilibrium effects which are further emphasized by aging treatment and would presumably emerge as a result of the arrest of the structural relaxation below Tg. ; We acknowledge the support of the following research projects MAT2012-31088 supported by the Spanish Ministry "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad" and IT-654-13 supported by the Basque Government. ; Peer Reviewed