Suchergebnisse

AbstractEnterprise strategic orientations influence environmental management, and external environmental characteristics moderate this relationship. Enterprise strategic orientations include policy orientation and market orientation, and external environmental characteristics contain system integrity and industrial competitiveness. Both the policy factors and market factors are important considerations for an enterprise's strategic choice and environmental management activities. System integrity shows no significant negative regulating function on the policy orientation of environmental management relationships, while industrial competitiveness plays a remarkably positive regulating role in the market orientation environmental management.

Private (out-of-pocket) healthcare expenditure (PHCE) is a complex phenomenon that is shaped by many different factors. In this paper, we analyzed the influencing factors of PHCE in China, with a specific focus on regional differences. We found that old-age dependency ratio, income, and education have significant impacts on PHCE in all regions, whereas public HCE, number of beds in medical institutions, and economic development levels have significant impacts only in some regions. The results indicate that the government should pay attention to regional inequality and implement targeted adjustments for improving the health service system. In particular, we recommend: (1) monitoring regional inequality in PHCE and other healthcare issues to unmask geographical differences in healthcare interventions; (2) adopting regional-specific policy measures—the government should divert some resources from eastern to western and central regions to increasing the support for public health undertakings and improve the quality of the local health services while providing matching medical resources by targeting the needs of the residents; (3) paying more attention to the healthcare demand of the elderly population; and (4) improving the education level of residents to improve public health and avoid high PHCE.