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The choice of technology for automotive actuators is driven by the need of high power to size ratio. In general, electro-pneumatic actuators are preferred for application around the engine as they are compact, powerful and require simple controlling devices. Specially, Variable Geometry Turbochargers (VGTs) are almost always controlled with electro-pneumatic actuators. This is a challenging application because the VGT is an important part of the engine air path and the latter is responsible for intake and exhaust air quality and exhaust emissions control. With government regulations on vehicle pollutant emissions getting stringent by the year, VGT control requirements have also increased. These regulations and requirements can only be fulfilled with precise dynamic control of the VGT through its actuator. The demands on actuator control include robustness against uncertainty in operating conditions, fast and smooth positioning without vibration, limited number of measurements. Added constraints such as nonlinear dynamic behavior of the actuator, friction and varying aerodynamic forces in the VGT render classical control methods ineffective. These are the main problems that form the core of this thesis.In this work, we have addressed the above mentioned problems, using model based control complemented with robust control methods to overcome operational uncertainties and parametric variations. In the first step, a detailed physical model of an electro-pneumatic actuator has been developed; taking into account the nonlinear characteristics originating from air compressibility and friction. Means to compensate for aerodynamic force have been studied and implemented in the next step. These include model parametric adaptation and one dimensional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) modeling. The complete model has been experimentally validated and a sensitivity analysis has been conducted to identify the parameters which have the greatest impact upon the actuator's behavior. The detailed simulation model has then been ...

Harvesting Feminist Knowledge for Public Policy comprises 14
articles by feminist thinkers from all over the world, reflecting on
problems of current patterns of development and calls for political,
economic, and social changes to promote equality. In general the
articles are about the "triple crises" of food, fuel, and finance and
draw on the diversity of socioeconomic experiences of women in different
countries. The authors argue for new ways of thinking about development,
and offer ideas for reformulating development to secure social,
economic, and political justice

This article looks at the history of evolutionary thought in urban planning. It classifies the use of evolutionary metaphors in three broad theoretical streams. The first stream of thought considers the existence of vital forces and energy flows (vitalism) in an urban form. The second stream provides a holistic-organic (organicism) perspective to the city. The third stream, contemporarily very popular in social sciences, is based on the natural evolutionary theories of Lamarck and Darwin to look at urban dynamics. It is suggested that the flexible-adaptive and self-regulatory nature of evolutionary metaphors can support a holistic-integrative perspective to urban and regional planning.

ILO/ARPLA. Codes of Practice: A StructuralAnalysis. Bangkok:
ILO (ARPLA). 1987. 88pp.US $ 2.00 Paperback. ILO/ARPLA. Monitoring
Labour Markets. Bangkok: ILO (ARPLA). 1987. 11Opp.US $ 3.00 Paperback.
ILO/ARPLA. Managing Contract Migration: Philippine Experience Observed.
Bangkok: ILO (ARPLA). 1987. 68pp.US $ 3.00 Paperback. All three books
deal with various issues concerning the labour market, such as basic
agreements on industrial relations, labour market information, and
managing temporary migration. (i) A Code of practice in industrial
relations is a collective agreement and a moral instrument of voluntary
partnership. The agreements are most often concerned with development
and are not related exclusively to conflict resolution or conflict
avoidance as explicit goals. It is not a Code of law, yet it determines
the range of the moral authority of laws in practice. In many ways, a
Code is the core of an industrial relations system. The objects of a
Code are: to maintain discipline and industrial pace, to achieve greater
industrial harmony, to develop and promote a compatible system of labour
relations to ensure justice and fairness, and change in" work attitudes
and productivity. The structure of a Code must incorporate elements of
the approach to dispute settlement; the criteria for recognition of
unions for consultation, the status of grievance- and
consultative-machinery, and the status of the partism. The book on the
Codes of Practice addresses the question as to how these objectives have
been aligned structurally in the industrial relations of six Asian
countries; India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and
Thailand. The Indian Code of Discipline is such that the government is
not a party to the agreements between management and union_ However, the
government does keep the administrative machinery in good order. By
structuring the agreements in three parts, responsibility is distributed
in three spheres. For instance, industrial disputes, strikes, and
lockouts have been placed in the joint sphere. Workload composition,
employers' labour practices, and administrative responsiveness have been
placed in the sphere of management, while the sphere of the union
includes union activities. Thus, the Indian Code is prepared in such a
way that violation of a single Code leads to total violation in both the
joint and individual spheres. This dependence is both the substance and
the moral authority ofthe Code.

In many developing countries, the people cannot enjoy their basic human rights. Majority of women are refused their rights to admittance, own, or inherit land and property. As a result, they cannot afford to buy land. This deprivation makes them dependent on good marital and family relations. The right to inheritance is a legal and very legitimate right of every person, which has been given by Islam to women in very explicit words but unfortunately the custom of Pakistan is different regarding giving female legal right of inheritance. The chief objective of this research is to find out the causes of depriving women of their right to inheritance. For the accomplishment of the objectives of research, quantitative research method has been adopted. A survey was conducted in four public sector universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The questionnaire was used as a research tool. Including highly educated faculty and students were selected for the collection of Data. These data were later analyzed to draw the results of the research. The research covers two main aspects. Firstly, the awareness level of the educated class about their rights and prevailing laws; and secondly, the major societal causes of depriving women of their inheritance right. Findings of the survey indicates that women are deprived of their religious right of inheritance even in the highly educated sector due to financial, social and cultural issues. Inheritance law is one of the key leavers for the sustainable development of the society which provides social justice and wellbeing for the family. Therefore, the inheritance law needs be implemented through public awareness regarding the Islamic Shania and state laws.Keywords: Inheritance, Islamic Law, Gender, Culture, Property rights, Sustainable development

Our intention with this book was to present the reader with the most accurate, significant, and up-to-date background and knowledge in the areas of ethnomedicinal and nutraceutical vegetation for the Lesser Himalayas in a comprehensive text. Wild Edible Vegetables of Lesser Himalayasprovides a complete review of over 50 important plants of this region and details each species including photographs, botanical name, local name, family, flowering and fruiting period, status and habitat, parts used, distribution, ethnobotanical uses, cultural aspects, medicinal uses, and nutraceutical aspects. Medicinal uses include mode of preparation, method of application and diseases studied; cultural aspects and index; nutraceutical data provides analysis of fats, proteins, fibers, carbohydrates, ash, moisture content, dry matter, and energy value; elemental analysis includes various essential and toxic metals; phytochemical screening includes total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols and ascorbic acid, and antioxidant potential in terms of DPPH scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, H2O2 scavenging activity, Fe2+chelating activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and phosphomolybdenum assay for each species. Wild Edible Vegetables of Lesser Himalayas is a concise and handy guide for scientists, scholars, and students interested in the study of agriculture, food science, nutraceutical science, bioscience, biodiversity, applied ethnobotany, ethnoecology, and ecology. 1. Arshad Mehmood Abbasi (Ph.D.)Arshad Mehmood Abbasi is an Assistant Professor of Environmental Sciences at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, in Abbottabad, Pakistan since 2013. He received his PhD in Plant Sciences with specialization in Ethnobotanical and Nutraceutical aspects of wild edible fruits and vegetables of Lesser Himalayas, Pakistan from Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad, Pakistan in 2013. His primary research and professional activities have been in Ethnobotany, Ethnomedicines, Medicinal Plants, Biodiversity, Forest Food Resources, Phytochemistry, Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. He is the editor of the Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicines and also authored the book entitled, Medicinal Plant Biodiversity of Lesser Himalayas-Pakistanpublished by Springer, USA in 2012. He has been the recipient of the Outstanding Research Awardin the 'Best Research Paper' category for the years 2010-2011, from the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. 2. Muhnir H. Shah (Ph.D.)Munir H. Shah is an Associate Professor of Chemistry at Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad, Pakistan since 2004, and also received his PhD in Analytical/Environmental Chemistry in 2007. His primary research and professional activities have been in Hydrogeochemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry, Clinical Chemistry, Toxicological Chemistry and Chemometrics and has published several research articles on these topics. He was the recipient of the 'Young Scientist in Chemistry' award, from the Third World Academy of Sciences in 2010 and the 'Best Young Research Scholar' award, from the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan in 2011. 3. Mir Ajab Khan (Ph.D.)Mir Ajab Khan is a Professor of Plant Sciences at Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad, Pakistan. He received his PhD in Biosystematics from Leicester University, England in 1984. His research and professional activities have been in Biosystematics, Chemotaxonomy, Taxonomy, Palynology, Anatomy, Medicinal Plants, Biofuels and Oil Yielding Plants, Ethnobotany, and Plant Biodiversity. He has published more than 300 research articles in journals of international repute in these areas and also authored a number of national and international books. He is also the recipient of a number of outstanding achievement and research awards by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.

National security has evolved both into a discipline of study and a sphere of policy application. It is a commonly used phrase in strategic literature and international statecraft. The modern concepts of national security arose in the 17th century during the Thirty Years War in Europe and the Civil War in England, and it was considered in terms of state sovereignty. In the aftermath of World War II, the concept of national security evolved into superpower contestation, also called the Cold War. During this period, national security had been seen through the prism of military security of the state against external threats – traditional security. In the US, the national security concept transited into a normative paradigm when President Truman signed the National Security Act on July 26, 1947, which also led to the establishment of the US National Security Council. Some 21 variants of the National Security Council exist in 51 countries today. The concept of national security is also seen from the prism of the concept of national power and elements of national power that include diplomacy, information operations, military, economic, financial, intelligence operations and law enforcement – commonly referred to as DIMEFIL. States either have national security policies or strategies and some – including Pakistan, publish an unclassified version for public distribution. Contemporary national security discourse adjusts to and even shapes the geopolitical environment. It has gradually evolved into a concept called comprehensive national security. It is an inclusive framework that encompasses all internal and external affairs of the state and society. Comprehensive national security helps safeguard both national security interests and human security requirements. Bibliography Entry Khan, Ehsan Mehmood. 2022. "Comprehensive National Security: Contemporary Discourse." Margalla Papers 26 (1): 1-17.

Historically, Lahore is known as the city of gardens. The Mughal emperors, Sikh Raj and the British colonial rulers developed several parks in and around the city of Lahore which continue to provide the much needed public space for the city's growing population. However, the present government has been enacting massive road development projects which include mass-transit, signal free corridors and overpasses. This has led to an increased urban sprawl and property destruction as more and more space is required for the widening of roads and construction work. Historical sites, including parks, tombs and graveyards, mosques, churches and government offices etc are under severe threat due to these expansionist policies. Apart from the encroachments, Lahore's air quality has been deteriorating at a steep pace due to vehicular traffic and industrial emissions. This paper des-cribes the extent and nature of damages to several historical building facades and their structures. These buildings include Jahangir's tomb, Shalimar Gardens and the Chauburji monument. Moreover, the impact of Badami Bagh Bus Terminal's location and haphazard industrial development around the heritage sites will also be discussed. The studies of various environmental regulatory bodies indicate the ambiguity in the emergence of law as the sole savior, including the judicial activism for the protection of the environment. The paper concludes that due to short-sightedness behind the urban policies of the government, serious threats are posed to cultural heritage sites and there is a strong need for their re-alignment.