Suchergebnisse

This essay offers a discussion and critique of Alon Ben‐Meir's (2022) proposal entitled, "The Case for an Israeli‐Palestinian‐Jordanian Confederation: Why Now and How?" Incorporating elements of other viewpoints and prior proposals to add nuance, I explore Ben‐Meir's concerted attempt to think past the exemplary two‐state model for settling the Palestine and Israel conflict and to introduce thoughts on how policy makers and common actors can apply a confederal system later on. Given the entrenched one‐state reality, I argue that the liberation of Palestinians through emancipation in a solitary popularity‐based nation is the most thoughtfully clear option in contrast to many years of failed endeavors.

Le 01 Janvier 2023 sera certainement une date mémorable pour les finances publiques algériennes dont les règles du jeu seront radicalement transformées, non seulement en matière budgétaire mais également dans le domaine comptable. Cette double transformation institutionnelle simultanée, à nulle autre pareille, inscrira indéniablement l'Algérie dans le club très restreint des pays adoptant un budget axé sur les résultats appuyé par un système comptable en droits constatés avec au surplus une certification des comptes de l'Etat par un auditeur externe, en l'occurrence, la Cour des comptes, comme le ferait un commissaire aux comptes à l'égard d'une entreprise du secteur privé.Prenant appui sur les options théoriques et épistémologiques de l'isomorphisme institutionnel avec un focus particulier sur l'expérience française, le présent travail s'attèle à apporter des réponses, quand bien même balbutiantes, à l'identification des sources intellectuelles de cette double évolution institutionnelle, de sa temporalité, de sa consistance comme de ses entrepreneurs institutionnels et, chemin faisant, de ses pierres d'achoppement qui risquent d'en atténuer la portée et d'en dénaturer la philosophie.

This study analyzes the capital structure determinants in a sample of 207 non-financial Algerian enterprises (2013-2017).The Tobit-panel random effects model gives the following results: the firm-level determinants at the 1% level are : the profitability, the tangibility, the debt-tax shield DTS and the non-debt tax shield NDTS . A profitable company can easily take on debt at a low interest rate. The tangible assets are used as a collateral. The Algerian enterprises take on debt in order to benefit from the debt-tax deductibility. The positive impact of the DTS variable confirms the positive impact of the profitability variable. The debt-tax deductibility is useful when a company is profitable. The NDTS is an alternative funding source for the enterprises. For the state-owned subsample, the debt ratio decreases when the firm size increases. The small state-owned enterprises have a low self-financing. These enterprises are financed by the debt. For the services field subsample, the liquidity is used as a collateral.

The prevalence of nosocomial infections (NIs) is associated with different bacteria found in hospitals. These infections in their extreme conditions result in morbidity and mortality. This study aims to provide a detailed review of literary studies to identify the prevalence of nosocomial infections and antibiotic-resistance specifically in Middle Eastern countries. A literature review approach is followed in this study. It further identifies different causes and effects associated with nosocomial infections in the given regions. Relevant studies were used to extract important information, specifically related to the Middle Eastern countries. The findings indicated that nosocomial infections following antibiotic resistance are an emerging problem in Middle Eastern countries, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Most frequently reported NIs in Middle East in our review are bloodstream infections (BSIs) (50%) and surgical site infections (SSIs) (50%) followed by urinary tract infections (UTIs). Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species among gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus among gram-positive bacterial and fungal pathogens such as Candida species are most reported pathogens involved in nosocomial infections and resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones antibiotics were significantly reported. However, most studies showed minimum resistance of pathogens against drug colistin. To control the growth rate of the given condition, government officials are suggested to ensure that hospitals follow adequate healthcare mechanisms. Also, sufficient education must be provided to the hospital staff about the causes and effects of the given disease.

Covid'19 n'est pas seulement une pandémie et une crise sanitaire, c'est également un choc économique sévère qui a touché aussi bien le monde developpé que le reste du monde et notamment l'Afrique. Dans plusieurs pays développés, des politiques économiques de relance et monétaires expansionnistes non conventionnelles ont été instaurées. L'adoption de ce type de politiques serait entravée en Afrique par plusieurs obstacles. Parmi lesquels figure en première ligne la faible inclusion financière. La banque est appelée à innover et à proposer de nouvelles solutions de financement aux entreprises victimes de la covid'19. Un changement du business model est aussi indispensable pour améliorer les taux de bancarisation en Afrique. L'émergence de nouvelle banque d'affaires nationales mais également régionale devraient permettre aux économies de cette région de renforcer son industrialisation et sa compétitive et de profiter pleinement des potentialités offertes par le continent africain surtout en période de crise de commerce international et de monter du protectionnisme. Le développement du financement alternatif devrait améliorer la résilience des économies de la région à faire face aux différents chocs exogènes.

Nabil A Nimer Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, JordanCorrespondence: Nabil A Nimer, Email n_nimer@philadelphia.edu.joAbstract: The prevalence of nosocomial infections (NIs) is associated with different bacteria found in hospitals. These infections in their extreme conditions result in morbidity and mortality. This study aims to provide a detailed review of literary studies to identify the prevalence of nosocomial infections and antibiotic-resistance specifically in Middle Eastern countries. A literature review approach is followed in this study. It further identifies different causes and effects associated with nosocomial infections in the given regions. Relevant studies were used to extract important information, specifically related to the Middle Eastern countries. The findings indicated that nosocomial infections following antibiotic resistance are an emerging problem in Middle Eastern countries, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Most frequently reported NIs in Middle East in our review are bloodstream infections (BSIs) (50%) and surgical site infections (SSIs) (50%) followed by urinary tract infections (UTIs). Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species among gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus among gram-positive bacterial and fungal pathogens such as Candida species are most reported pathogens involved in nosocomial infections and resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones antibiotics were significantly reported. However, most studies showed minimum resistance of pathogens against drug colistin. To control the growth rate of the given condition, government officials are suggested to ensure that hospitals follow adequate healthcare mechanisms. Also, sufficient education must be provided to the hospital staff about the causes and effects of the given disease.Keywords: antibiotic-resistant threat, Middle East, nosocomial infection

Transfer pricing is defined as the setting of the price for goods sold and services rendered between related entities. For example, if a subsidiary company sells goods or renders services to its holding company or a sister company, the price charged is referred to as the transfer price. Transfer pricing can be used to manipulate profits and facilitate tax evasion. Therefore, it is important that countries enact transfer pricing legislation to prevent this. The United Nations (UN) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline documents form the basis for most global legislation and conventions dealing with transfer pricing. The over-arching goal of this research was to investigate whether transfer pricing legislation in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) aligns between SACU countries and with the OECD Guidelines and the UN Manual. The research applied a legal interpretive doctrinal research methodology and a qualitative research method. The data comprised primary legislation in the SACU countries, transfer pricing guidelines issued by revenue authorities in the SACU, OECD Guidelines, the UN Manual and journal articles. It was found in this study that certain aspects of transfer pricing legislation in the SACU are not fully aligned to each other and to the OECD Guidelines and the UN Manual. This study proposed recommendations to improve transfer pricing legislation in the SACU. These improvements include the introduction of transfer pricing legislation in Eswatini and Lesotho, and updating transfer pricing legislation in Namibia and South Africa in terms of the latest versions of the OECD Guidelines and the UN Manual. ; Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Accounting, 2022

AbstractThe family is often described as the foundation of Latino immigrant communities. Scholars interested in the political activism of Latino immigrants in the United States have consequently sought to examine the relationship between the family and recruitment to social movement participation. Overall, this research focuses on how the family can promote Latinos' political activism. However, less is known about the conditions under which the family may hinder activism. Family dynamics may be particularly demobilizing for certain segments of the Latino population with liminal or undocumented status. This article reviews two groups of the recent literature on Latino political mobilization: (a) social networks; and (b) collective action frames. By drawing on insights from social movement theory, the article concludes by arguing for more research that theorizes on the family as a group identity, powerfully enabling, and constraining Latino movement participation.

The study includes discussion and analysis of the Iranian policy toward the Iraqi crisis, and the effects of this crisis on forming the Iranian external conduct. There are several variables including internal, external and regional variables interacted together and the result of this interaction was affective on the Iranian policy with regard to the crisis. Consequently, Iran aspired to play a central role in Iraq to strengthen its regional influence on the first hand and to strengthen its negotiation situation with the great international powers on the other hand. In this context, Iran adopted an interventional behaviour in the Iraqi affairs by supporting its Allies in various ways and supporting the new political elites and creating strong connections with them as well. That led to a negative result on the Iranian relations with some of the Arab Iraq neighboring countries including Jordan which is afraid of the outcomes of the Iranian intervention in Iraq. The study showed that Iran's activities in Iraq led to strengthen the distrust of Tehran's behavior, therefore Iraq neighboring countries including Jordan are afraid of the Iraqi crisis's consequences on their security and stability.

Pendant la guerre froide, l'Arabie Saoudite a utilisé ses pétrodollars pour propager le wahhabisme. Après le 11 septembre 2001, la diplomatie religieuse saoudienne a néanmoins connu une inflexion, dénonçant les excès des djihadistes et prônant l'« islam du juste milieu ». Cette nouvelle posture est renforcée depuis l'arrivée de Muhammad Ibn Abd Al-Karim Al-Isa à la tête de la Ligue islamique mondiale. On peut toutefois s'interroger sur la sincérité et l'effectivité de ce revirement.

Abstract
Against the promise of free movement and mobility celebrated by the narrative of capitalism and globalization, the border stands as a stark reminder of the terrorizing history of death, destruction, and humiliation at the frontier. Like the Atlantic Ocean, home of the invisible and brutalizing memory of the slave trade, the Mediterranean and the Sonoran Desert today have become a dead zone, a dark trail of loss and sufferance amidst faint dreams of open lands and seas and freedom to roam. The growing militarization and securitization of the border unleashed by sophisticated technologies and algorithms of surveillance reflect a disturbing precariousness of empathy which seeks to conceal and banalize the trauma of crossing frontiers. By framing the debate of borders around security, threat and territory, the narrow calculus of border thinking multiplies and mutates beyond the physical spaces of the frontier, animating in the process a narrative of invasion, cultural purity, and territorial privilege. This article offers a critical reading of the politics, performance, and poetics of the border, border practices and border thinking in our current fractious conjuncture. Using the works of Caribbean poet and philosopher Edouard Glissant, I argue for a different interpretation and poetics of the border, one which does not nullify rootedness but refutes the tyranny of the "totalitarian root". Under this alternative imaginary, the degeneration of borders into zones of non-being and the converse image of mobility as a human right force us to re-visit old fundamental questions about the distribution of the earth.

This thesis analyzes the role of commerce in a large underprivileged district. In particular, it evaluates the capacity of a local shopping centre, which some public actors aim to destroy, to be a place of opportunity for its inhabitants. To do so, the thesis approaches commerce as a "total" social system, by multiplying the points of view, including planning, urban design, economic, social as well as political perspectives. Commercial polarities of French large social housing estates have, since the 1970s, experienced a decline in their commerciality. This evolution is generally explained by various factors, including the impoverishment of the neighbourhoods in which they are located, or the deployment of hypermarkets on the outskirts of French cities. Architectural and urban design errors are also questioned, especially the disconnection of these places from pedestrian and motorised traffic. At the same time, following the population dynamics within large suburban complexes, the image of these commercial polarity has become ethnicized. From there, urban renewal in disadvantaged neighbourhoods is generally accompanied by major urban transformations and the introduction of regulatory tools. However, some of the commercial polarities involved in urban renewal are economically healthy with important sales figures, low vacancy rates and low turnover. This is notably the case of the commercial polarity of the Mas du Taureau in Vaulx-en-Velin. This thesis thus proposes to understand how this suburban shopping area has been able to adapt.The thesis begins by exploring the resilience capacities of the Mas du Taureau retailers and shopkeepers and their economic development strategies. Those strategies are based on a regime of mutual knowledge and a dense network of sociability. Besides, the shopping centre has been able to radiate on a metropolitan scale. Indeed, the survey shows that the good economic health and high sales of the shopping centre exceed the standards of proximity polarity. The thesis therefore analyzes the main factors that allowed this unplanned shift from proximity polarity to metropolitan shopping centrality. The latter type of centrality is sustained by a bi-weekly market and numerous sedentary businesses (butcher's shops, bakeries, restaurants) that radiate out over a vast quadrant of Lyon metropolitan area. The attractiveness of the Mas du Taureau shopping centre makes it a minority center approaching the standards of "super diversity", a concept introduced in 2007 by Steven Vertovec. It appears that the shopping centre's ability to attract customers from outside the neighbourhood is based on a game of "ethnic" specialisations full of make-believes. However, the thesis focuses on a few locally trained entrepreneurs and ethnic markers that give the Mas du Taureau's commercial offer an image of minority centrality.Finally, the thesis examines the point of view of local public decision-makers. They often perceive this market space through the prism of communitarianism, leading to new forms of public regulation. The commercial polarity is thus administered by powerful management tools that place it at the centre of a lasting tension. As of today, the economic success of Mas du Taureau commercial polarity is not acknowledged by local public actors and its maintenance is minimal. Through the analysis of the current urban renewal project, the thesis shows the representations of local actors that underlie the project to destroy a dynamic shopping centre in order to rebuild another one with an uncertain future. ; Cette thèse analyse le rôle du commerce dans un quartier défavorisé de grand ensemble. Elle évalue notamment la capacité d'un centre commercial dévalorisé aux yeux des acteurs publics à jouer le rôle d'espace « tremplin » pour les habitants du quartier. Pour ce faire, la thèse aborde le commerce comme un système social total, en multipliant les points de vue et les perspectives. Les plateformes commerciales de grand ensemble d'habitat social ont, dès les années 1970,connu un déclin de leur commercialité. Cette évolution est généralement expliquée par divers facteurs, dont la paupérisation de leurs quartiers d'implantation, ou le déploiement des hypermarchés en périphérie des villes françaises. Sont aussi mises en cause des erreurs de conception architecturale et urbaine, avec notamment la déconnexion de ces lieux vis-à-vis des flux piétons et motorisés. Parallèlement, l'image de ces plateformes s'est ethnicisée dans la mesure où les grands ensembles de banlieue sont devenus terres d'accueil d'une immigration postcoloniale. Forte de ces constats, la rénovation urbaine des quartiers défavorisés s'accompagne généralement d'une profonde refonte de l'armature commerciale existante et de la mise en place d'outils de régulation. Pourtant, certaines des polarités commerciales mises en cause par la rénovation urbaine affichent une bonne santé économique avec d'importants chiffres d'affaires, un faible taux de vacance et peu de rotation. C'est notamment le cas de la polarité commerciale du Mas du Taureau à Vaulx-en-Velin. Cette thèse propose ainsi de comprendre comment cet espace marchand de banlieue a pu et a su s'adapter. La thèse commence par explorer les capacités de résilience des commerçants du Mas du Taureau et leurs stratégies de développement économique. Celles-ci s'inscrivent dans une dynamique commerciale collective fondée sur le modèle « petits paniers, beaucoup de paniers ». Ce modèle prend appui sur un ancrage social populaire doté d'un régime d'interconnaissance et un réseau de sociabilité dense . Mais au-delà de l'ancrage dans la proximité, le centre commercial a été capable de rayonner à une échelle métropolitaine. En effet, l'enquête montre que la bonne santé économique et la forte fréquentation du centre commercial dépassent les standards de la polarité de proximité. La thèse analyse donc les principaux facteurs qui ont permis ce passage non programmé d'une polarité de proximité vers une centralité commerciale métropolitaine. Cette centralité s'appuie sur un marché bihebdomadaire et de nombreux commerces sédentaires (boucheries, boulangeries, restaurations) qui rayonnent dans un vaste quadrant de l'aire métropolitaine lyonnaise. L'attractivité du centre commercial du Mas du Taureau fait de lui une centralité minoritaire, s'approchant des standards de la « super diversité », un concept introduit en 2007 par Steven Vertovec. Il apparaît que la capacité du centre commercial à attirer des clients extérieurs au quartier s'opère dans un jeu de spécialisations « ethniques » plein de faux semblants. La plupart des commerçants n'ont pas une stratégie de marketing ethnique, et sont plutôt à la recherche d'un ancrage social et territorial propice au développement économique de leurs boutiques. La thèse s'attarde au demeurant sur les quelques marqueurs ethniques formés localement et qui procurent à l'offre commerciale du Mas du Taureau une image de centralité minoritaire. La thèse examine enfin le point de vue des décideurs publics locaux. Ceux-ci perçoivent souvent cet espace marchand au prisme du communautarisme, conduisant à de nouvelles formes de régulation publique. La polarité commerciale se trouve ainsi administrée par de puissants outils de gestion qui l'installent au centre d'une tension durable. Aujourd'hui, la réussite économique de la polarité commerciale n'est pas reconnue et son maintien ne semble pas envisagé.