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While metropolitan cities are framed as emancipatory spaces for women migrants, we know less about their experiences in smaller cities, which are driving urban transformation in India. Drawing on pre-pandemic fieldwork with employed youth (aged 15–29 years) in Mangalore and Kishangarh, this article investigates young women's work, education, aspirations and mobilities in smaller cities which have relatively weak scalar positions in terms of global economic, political and social power. This article finds that small cities act as regional action spaces for women from villages and small towns to capitalise on fleeting opportunities and push against patriarchal boundaries through mobilities. It shows how women use a range of strategies from individual power tactics within households to leveraging institutional support systems to do so. The article suggests that situating migrant-friendly policy initiatives in small cities can potentially improve employment and mobility outcomes for young women.

Human rights dimensions of the Covid-19 response escalate the obligations of governments. Since the time Covid was first identified in December 2020 in Wuhan, China, Human Rights Watch has reported several human rights abuses including the authoritarian responses in some countries.  Many governments are expanding public health measures by abandoning universal human rights. People are arrested for violating lockdown measures and curfews. Police and/or security forces are using violence, including lethal force, to enforce public health measures such as curfews and the wearing of masks. Lockdowns have imposed restrictions on individual movement by restraining them from leaving their place of residence. Some countries have imposed partial lockdowns. While restrictions on freedom of movement are necessary in the interest of protecting public health, states still are accountable to ensure that such restrictions are proportionate, evidence-based, and time-limited.  There were grievances and inequalities across countries, some of which were based on racist, gender-specific or other discrimination. There is also increased oppression of those who think differently. The pandemic exposes the failures in the context of political action and cooperation. The article makes recommendations on how governments can confront the pandemic while respecting basic human rights.

This article analyses the novel Generation 14 by Priya Sarukkai Chabria from a convergent perspective of Dalit Studies (which encapsulates Dalit literature and Dalit feminism) and science fiction. I suggest that Indian science fiction that discusses caste with reference to the emerging technoscientific culture can be termed Dalit-futurism. I define this concept by drawing on the tradition of Dalit literature and science fiction and suggest that the Dalit-futurist texts seek to mutate caste to foreground its arbitrary structure. This paper uses the vocabulary of science-fiction criticism to analyze the mutation of caste in the fictional world and draws parallels with our social reality. It suggests that the social divisions in the fictional world echo the Brahmanical patriarchy of the Indian subcontinent. I theorize that the convergence of Dalit-futurism with feminist theory results in a new and transformative feminist configuration termed 'Dalit-futurist feminism'. I explicate Dalit-futurist feminism through the cyborg figure, which I suggest shares overlapping themes and concerns with the Dalit feminist standpoint theory, conceptualized by Sharmila Rege and Cyborg feminism conceptualized by Donna Haraway. I suggest that the main protagonists, Aa-Aa and Clone 14/54/G, embody the intersectional, revisionist, and inclusive feminism advocated by Rege and Haraway, arguing for an affiliation-based politics that rejects women's unity based on essentialized identities like sex, class, race, and caste and uncover the constructive nature of social processes that maintain and reproduce hierarchies, inequalities, and oppression.

India is a Union of state and federal country. In order to maintain successful federalism, it is necessary to maintain friendly relationship among member States. Post Constitution and after the State reorganization, the river flows from more than one State becomes inter – State river. The river water is always in the state of flow, therefore, no one can claim right over the flowing water. In a case, where any upstream State extracts every water available in the territory, there may exist dispute between States. Therefore, to have disputes, in relation to the sharing of waters of the inter – State river are not advisable in the federal country. So, co-operative federalism is required to be adopted. The principle of equitable apportionment must be implemented, irrespective of any prevailing situation of upstream State. Water is a subject matter under the State list, subject to, intervention by the Parliament, who can declare, the CG shall control the regulation and development those rivers which flows from more than one State in the interest of public. The Constitution plays a significant role in maintaining federalism successfully. In this event, it has empowered the Parliament to make laws in order to provide forum for adjudication in respect of resolving disputes of sharing of inter State river waters between the States. The forum constituted for resolving disputes have given power of the Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure and the award passed by them has equal footing as of the decree passed by the Supreme Court.

In addition to being the better half of man woman is an integral part of society but for whom man cannot bring any change in the society. History stands a great testimonial to this. The freedom movement of the nation would not have been possible without the participation of the women. Many women of Odisha forwent their domestic work, crossed their conservative boundary of family and joined the freedom movement of India. In this context, the women of Sambalpur had not lagged behind. One such luminary of the soil is Prabhavati Devi who had shown her valour and valiant role in the freedom struggle of the land. She went to Bari Ashram with the noble mission of imbibing all the virtues from the inspiring company of Malati Devi and Rama Devi. Thereafter, she took active part in various national movements such as Satyagraha, Non cooperation, Salt Movement, Individual Satyagraha, Quit India movement and Bhoodan Movement and went to jail. She carried out many social activities by establishing Matruniketan and Balniketan to serve depressed and deprived people. Because of her unique contribution both in political and social field, she has been accorded many awards both from government and non- government organizations.

Sambalpur is the hub of western Odisha. It is famous all over India and abroad as well because of its music and dance, handloom, Hirakud Dam and rich culture. However, in comparison to elementary education, the development of higher education in this Sambalpur district is too late. The first higher educational institution of Sambalpur is Gangadhar Meher College, 1944 and the latest university is the Odisha State Open University, 2015. The main cause of delayed development of higher education in Sambalpur is the lack of interest of the British government. Nevertheless, after India got her independence, higher education was widely promoted through the endeavour of both Government and Private enterprise. Some of the colleges and universities worthy to be mentioned are Indian Institute of Management Sambalpur, Odisha State Open University,Sambalpur University,Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology,Gangadhar Meher University, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Netaji Subash Chandra Bose College, Government Womens' College, Lajpat Rai Law College, Hirakud College, Orissa Medical College of Homeopathy and Research, Burla College, Govt College of Physical Education, Sambalpur, Nursing College, Dr Parshuram Mishra Institute of Advanced Studies in Education and Silicon Institute of Technology.

India is a Union of state and federal country. In order to maintain successful federalism, it is necessary to maintain friendly relationship among member States. Post Constitution and after the State reorganization, the river flows from more than one State becomes inter – State river. The river water is always in the state of flow, therefore, no one can claim right over the flowing water. In a case, where any upstream State extracts every water available in the territory, there may exist dispute between States. Therefore, to have disputes, in relation to the sharing of waters of the inter – State river are not advisable in the federal country. So, co-operative federalism is required to be adopted. The principle of equitable apportionment must be implemented, irrespective of any prevailing situation of upstream State. Water is a subject matter under the State list, subject to, intervention by the Parliament, who can declare, the CG shall control the regulation and development those rivers which flows from more than one State in the interest of public. The Constitution plays a significant role in maintaining federalism successfully. In this event, it has empowered the Parliament to make laws in order to provide forum for adjudication in respect of resolving disputes of sharing of inter State river waters between the States. The forum constituted for resolving disputes have given power of the Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure and the award passed by them has equal footing as of the decree passed by the Supreme Court.

Civil society has played a key role in responding to the COVID-19 crisis in Indian cities. This article uses the conceptualisation of boundaries and borders to reflect on the role of local state and civil society actors in Gurugram's pandemic response. It examines the state's bordering practices, state-society relations as well as processes of negotiation that enabled disease management as well as relief efforts-especially for migrant workers-during the crisis.

Continuing urbanisation in Sub-Saharan Africa provides many development challenges including; energy provision, waste management and sanitation. On-site biogas has the potential to provide renewable energy to meet primary energy needs, whilst also addressing waste management and possibly sanitation. In urban settings, up to 50% of the municipal waste in urban can comprise organic waste which typically remains an untapped energy source, while the total waste volume continually increases with population growth. Whilst some countries (including Ethiopia and Uganda) have support via national government and/or foreign investment for biogas deployment, their focus is on rural biogas for agricultural waste, not urban biogas for municipal waste. This thesis investigates the case for small-scale biogas as a technology to assist sustainable urban development through understanding factors which will ensure operational success to safeguard investment. The factors investigated were productivity, stability and the need for remote monitoring. The research was divided into three distinct phases which occurred chronologically. The first phase was observational and developmental, in which one biogas unit in a semi-controlled environment was monitored. Some initial insight into the factors which caused instability (in this case, the addition of simple carbohydrates) as well as two methods of mitigation of instability (namely addition of lime and a cessation of feed) were noted for future investigation. Also, in this phase, a mobile phone application, called the "Biogas Monitoring Tool" was developed and refined, accompanied by a monitoring methodology to collect information on measured variables which were considered to inform productivity and stability of small-scale biogas units. Of the variables mentioned, the laboratory method of evaluation of two in particular (pH and temperature) was replaced with more practical and rudimental measuring techniques. The appropriateness of the replacements was statistically analysed, evaluated and found to be acceptable for the intended purposes. The second phase of research involved the widespread rollout of the Biogas Monitoring Tool developed in the first phase. The platform was used to gather data from ten small-scale biogas units across southern Africa to further investigate and analyse the factors which affected the productivity and stability of smallscale biogas units. Readings of pH, burn time, pressure, mass and type of feed were captured through the Biogas Monitoring Tool over twelve months. The analysis showed episodes of instability of biogas units linked to changing feeding regimes of simple carbohydrates, organic loading rates as well as changes in feed ratios/frequency. In terms of productivity of the biogas units, seasonal fluctuations in the five units which were monitored over the winter months was evident, as well as potential underutilization of biogas produced. Furthermore, it was noted that there was better utilisation of gas for institutional installations compared to domestic installations. It was also shown that in five of the biogas units, the stability of the unit had an influence on the quality of gas produced, and it was indicative that it had an influence on the quantity of gas produced. For the third and final phase of research, theories developed from insight gleaned in second phase were tested on one biogas unit in a controlled environment. There were three sets of experiments conducted on this unit which had a pre-determined feeding regime. Also, the biogas stove was burned daily until the biogas ran out, to quantify the productivity of the biogas unit. Firstly, a stepwise addition of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste was introduced into the feeding regime. In this case, it was demonstrated that the organic fraction of municipal solid waste can in fact be the sole feed-stock for biogas unit, with the proviso that there was appropriate knowledge support which includes quick mitigation strategies for periods of instability. Secondly, the effect of pre-treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste was investigated. It was found here that the pre-treatment did appear to improve the stability of the biogas unit, a consideration which may be significant for potential widespread adoption of the technology. Finally, the effect of temperature on gas production was confirmed and quantified, with higher average temperatures showing higher gas production. In conclusion, it was found that all the small-scale units which formed part of this research showed episodes of instability. When considering this technology for energy provision for urban development, there are important considerations around feedstock variability by way of feed type, volume, and frequency affect the stability of these unit. With reference to productivity, it was shown, not only that temperature naturally does affect gas production, but also that the productivity is linked to the stability. Furthermore, it was deemed that the type of setting (institutional versus domestic) was in fact more significant than the ambient temperature or the feeding regime when considering gas use and gas utilisation as indicators of productivity. Finally, with regard to knowledge support via remote monitoring, it was shown that simple and practical measurements were able to provide insight into factors which affected productivity and stability of small-scale biogas units. The final phase further utilised the remote monitoring tool to actively manage the operation of the biogas unit and quickly mitigate instability. Thus, small-scale biogas has the potential to be adopted as technology for energy provision in urban development. The limitations of the application are that waste-based biogas would meet only an portion of the total energy requirement in any particular urban area and that based on the findings of this research, all units are subject to periods of instability. There are various mitigation strategies for instability, some of which involve active management, which may be supplied remotely.

The term Dalit,' in Sanskrit is both a noun and an adjective. As a noun, Dalit can be used for all three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. It has been derived from the root word Dal' which means to crack, split etc. The word -Dalit' has come to mean that things or persons come under, the category of downtrodden, scattered, crushed, destroyed etc. The listed 93 Scheduled Caste communities of Odisha are known as Dalit in Odishan social system. But, in fact, the untouchables among the Scheduled Castes are the Dalits. The Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribes comprise about 16.6 and 8.6 , respectively of India's population according to the 2011 census . There are total population in socially untouchables and economically poor in the lowest point of social structure in Odisha. After of independence of India, their social, political, education justice, economic status has not been changed as expected. The examination and analysis of present status of Dalits will be made through empirical study. The outcome of this study will draw a clear picture of the position of Dalits in Odisha and it will motivate government and non government agencies to take initiative to promote Dalits. Paramananda Naik "Dalit of Odisha: A Case Study of the Dombos in Rayagada District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29601.pdf