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"Humans have become much taller and heavier, and experience healthier and longer lives than ever before in human history. However it is only recently that historians, economists, human biologists and demographers have linked the changing size, shape and capability of the human body to economic and demographic change. This book presents an introduction to the field of anthropometric history, surveying the causes and consequences of changes in health and mortality, diet and the disease environment in Europe and the United States since 1700. It examines how we define and measure health and nutrition as well as key issues such as whether increased longevity contributes to greater productivity or, instead, imposes burdens on society through the higher costs of healthcare and pensions. The result is a book that is a contribution to economic and social history with important implications for today's developing world and the health trends of the future"--Provided by publisher

Disability, work and retirement -- New age thinking: alternative ways of measuring age, their relationship to labor force participation, government policies, and GDP / John B. Shoven -- Comment / Erzo F. P. Luttmer -- Work disability: the effects of demography, health, and disability insurance / Axel Börsch-Supan -- Comment / Robert J. Willis -- Labor market status and transitions during the pre-retirement years: learning from international differences / Arie Kapteyn, James P. Smith, Arthur van Soest, and James Banks -- Comment / Michael Hurd -- Education and disability -- The education gradient in old age disability / David M. Cutler and Adriana Lleras-Muney -- Comment / Anne Case -- Social interactions and smoking / David M. Cutler and Edward L. Glaeser -- Comment / Arie Kapteyn -- Education and the prevalence of pain / Steven J. Atlas and Jonathan Skinner -- Economic circumstances and health -- Aging and death under a dollar a day / Abhijit V. Banerjee and Esther Duflo -- Comment / Amitabh Chandra and Heidi Williams -- What's past is prologue: the impact of early life health and circumstance on health in old age / Anne Case -- Comment / James P. Smith -- Income, aging, health and well-being around the world: evidence from the gallup world poll / Angus Deaton -- Comment / Amitabh Chandra and Heidi Williams -- Retirement saving -- The rise of 401(k) plans, lifetime earnings, and wealth at retirement / James M. Poterba, Steven F. Venti, and David A. Wise -- Comment / Robert J. Willis -- The impact of employer matching on savings plan participation under automatic enrollment / John Beshears, James J. Choi, David Laibson, and Brigitte C. Madrian -- Comment / Daniel McFadden -- Housing price volatility and downsizing in later life / James Banks, Richard Blundell, Zoë Oldfied, and James P. Smith -- Comment / Steven F. Venti -- Medicare -- The narrowing dispersion of Medicare expenditures 1997-2005 / Jay Bhattacharya, Alan Garber, and Thomas Macurdy -- Comment / Jonathan Skinner -- Mind the gap! consumer perceptions and choices of Medicare Part D prescription drug plans / Florian Heiss, Daniel McFadden, and Joachim Winter -- Comment / Amy Finkelstein

Introduction: what have we learned about the problems of and prospects for disadvantaged youth? / Jonathan Gruber -- Education : the behavioral consequences of pre-kindergarten participation for disadvantaged youth / David Figlio and Jeffrey Roth -- Is gaining access to selective elementary schools gaining ground? : evidence from randomized lotteries / Julie Berry Cullen and Brian A. Jacob -- Would more compulsory schooling help disadvantaged youth? : evidence from recent changes to school-leaving laws / Philip Oreopoulos -- Health and healthy behaviors : mental health in childhood and human capital / Janet Currie and Mark Stabile -- Childhood disadvantage and obesity : is nurture trumping nature? / Patricia M. Anderson, Kristin F. Butcher, and Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach -- Socioeconomic disadvantage and early childbearing / Melissa S. Kearney and Phillip B. Levine -- Contextual influences : parental income shocks and outcomes of disadvantaged youth in the United States / Marianne Page, Ann Huff Stevens, and Jason Lindo -- The role of religious and social organizations in the lives of disadvantaged youth / Rajeev Dehejia, Thomas Deleire, Erzo F.P. Luttmer, and Josh Mitchell -- Neighborhood violence and urban youth / Anna Aizer