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This paper testifies to the fact that the proclaimed independence of central banks, as conceived by its founders, is nothing more than a chimera. We demonstrate that the hypothesis 'inflation is a purely monetary phenomenon' does not substantiate the case for independence. Further, the portrayal of the conservative central banker, the imaginary principal-agent contract, the alleged financial autonomy, along with the ban on budgetary financing, amount to flawed logic in arguing for the independence of the central bank. We also highlight that the idea of independence is not convincing due to the absence of well-defined outlines in its operational toolbox and the system of rules it relies upon.

"The archaeological site from Reșca-Romula is located on the high terrace of the Lower Olt River (Fig. 1: 1), on the territory of the villages of Reşca (Dobrosloveni Commune, Olt County), respectively Hotărani (Fărcașele commune, Olt County). The resources of plastic clay for ceramic materials, the presence of springs from the terrace of the Teslui brook, of the gravel from the geological layer and, probably, of the forests, favoured the positioning in this place of the largest Roman urban settlements between the Carpathians and the Lower Danube. The territory of the archaeological site of Reșca-Romula is 306 hectares wide, including necropolises, and it is assumed that the Roman city of Romula was inhabited by about 6000 people. The first information on archaeological structures in this site was made by the Austrian captain Fernando de Marsigli, who made a sketch with three rectangular fortifications (Marsigli 1726: Pl. XL). In the middle and in the second half of the 19th century, the interest in the antiquities of Reșca-Romula determined A. T. Laurian and Dimitrie A. Sturdza to visit this archaeological site, and Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu, Vladimir Blaremberg, Alexandru Odobescu mentioned this site as well, in their writings (Tătulea 1994: 8)."

Recent reviews underscored the need for a better link between different identity models in order to enhance our knowledge of identity development. In the present study, we used a mixed methodology design to investigate how the integration of process-oriented and narrative life-story approaches can be used to better understand the complexity of identity pursuits. Participants were 84 Romanian emerging adults ( M age = 23.24 years; SD age = 2.11 years, 72.6% female, 71.4% university students). Results showed significant differences in identity processes among emerging adults based on their levels of meaning-making. More specifically, in a stressful situation of disengaging from a personal important goal, emerging adults who derived more complex forms of meaning-making reported higher levels of ruminative exploration and lower levels of commitment making. By integrating these approaches of identity, the study nuances how meaning-making might be related to identity processes.

"Economic Methodology, History and Pluralism: Expanding Economic Thought to Meet Contemporary Challenges pays tribute to Emeritus professor Sheila Dow (University of Stirling, Scotland). This volume focuses on the contributions of Dow to economic methodology, pluralism and the history of economic thought. These explorations serve to underpin her ideas and theories on macroeconomics, banking, and money. Bringing together an impressive panel of contributors, the chapters in this work examine Dow's writings on structured pluralism and schools of thought, meanings of open and closed systems, reflections on the relationship between economics and other sciences (both social and natural), the methodology of behavioral economics, as well as the political economy of the Scottish school of thought. The book challenges the foundations of the mainstream economics paradigm in a novel and holistic manner, seeking to advance thinking across Dow's favoured discipline. The essays in this collection provide thought-provoking reading for advanced students and scholars of economic methodology, the history of economic thought, heterodox economics and political economy. The book will also be valued by the economics profession at large, as it contains important elements and ideas concerning ethics, methodology and tolerance within economics as a discipline and as a profession. Ioana Negru is Reader in Economics at the 'Lucian Blaga' University of Sibiu, Romania. She has been a practicing lecturer for 24 years and has been a member of the Skidelski Committee for improving the economics curriculum worldwide. Penelope Hawkins is Senior Economist at the Debt and Development Finance Branch of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Her research focusses on public and private debt, development finance, illicit financial flows and financial inclusion"

Identity development is undoubtedly one of the most crucial tasks in human life. Identity is also one of the most frequently examined issues in contemporary developmental psychology research. In the literature, we can find various definitions of identity, as well as various theoretical conceptualizations and models. The present paper describes contemporary models of personal identity, provides the definitions of the notions (as processes/dimensions/styles/modes) included in these models, measurement methods, as well as a review of the research results obtained in these various theoretical paradigms. The review includes multiple approaches – from Marcia's classical identity status paradigm, through neo-Eriksonian models (such as the three and five dimensional models, identity styles, identity processes in adulthood) up to narrative views. Finally, we present conclusions based on the analyses of these models and implications for future research and theory.

This article advances the unfolding research agenda on families, relationships and societies in the so-called 'platform society' by applying both a relational lens and a multigenerational approach. Our scoping review of the multidisciplinary research literature revealed two main themes linking relationality and digital platforms: (1) the intensification of connectedness, especially in relation to intimacy, belonging and care, and (2) power struggles and conflicts in a context of interdependency and vulnerability. The studies identified suggest that relationality is transformed rather than interrupted through the emergence of new platformed practices as well as the reconfiguration of existing ones. Hence we propose an emphasis on 'platformised relationality', and call for greater specificity in the analysis of platform affordances in future research on families' engagement with digital platforms, as well as greater attention to family relationships beyond the often-studied parent–child relationship.

To understand the relation between financial behaviors and satisfaction in emerging adults (EAs) and parental financial socialization, we conducted a cross-sectional study focusing on families from a collectivistic, former communist country, Romania, a cultural context marked by extreme financial dependence of youth on their parents. Participants were 143 parent–EAs child dyads from Romania (83% mothers, M age = 47.5 years and 80% girls, M age = 20.7 years). Results showed significant relations between parents' and EAs' view on parental financial socialization. EAs' healthy financial behaviors were predicted by previous healthy financial behaviors in parents and previous parental financial monitoring of spending habits, only as reported by EAs. Moreover, EAs' financial satisfaction was predicted by high socioeconomic status, previous healthy financial behaviors in parents, and current healthy financial relationship with parents, only as reported by EAs. We discuss the implications for supporting healthy financial behaviors and satisfaction in EAs.

Abstract. In the context of increasing ethnic diversity in many European countries, a successful development and integration of ethnic minority youth becomes a central concern for the future of Europe. It is particularly important to understand specific challenges and opportunities related to identity development among ethnic minority youth. The aim of this review is to integrate recent findings on identity development among ethnic minority youth in Europe. We identified three crosscutting themes in the literature. The "intensified identity work" approach suggests that ethnic minority youth are more engaged in identity work compared to their mainstream peers. The "diverging identity outcomes" themes represents a discussion on the opposite outcomes of identity development among ethnic minority youth. The "third way or hybrid identity" approach suggests that ethnic minority youth can build on globalization and other cultural resources, as well as on their own developmental flexibility to form novel, adaptive patterns of identity. We discuss the complementarity of the three approaches and suggest directions for further studies with ethnic minority youth. We also show how the findings of this review can help practitioners and policy makers in Europe to support ethnic minority youth in their identity development.

"This article presents a batch of lamps discovered, in 2022, in the central area of the Roman city of Romula. Import lamps of the type Loeschcke VIII/Ivanyi VII, Loeschcke X with the marks FORTIS, IANVARI and OCTAVI, respectively Loeschcke VIII/Bailey Type K. They circulated from the second quarter of the 2nd century AD to the middle of the third century, with greater frequency from the second half of the 2nd century to the first third of the 3rd century AD. Lamps of local production are of the type Loeschcke VIII, similar to Ivanyi VII, Loeschke X with the mark FAOR, IANVARI, respectively modelled to Alicu XXI type wheel. They have been discovered in archaeological contexts dated from the second half of the 2nd century to the penultimate decade of the 2nd century AD, one lamp of Loeschcke X type with FAOR mark, another with the same mark being dated to the last decade of the 2nd century AD, and the first third of the 3rd century AD. Loeschcke VIII lamps were dated, similar to Ivanyi VII/Bayley O-Q/Ponsich III B/Deneauve VIIA, Loeschcke X with IANVARI stamp, respectively Alicu XXI type lamps. In conclusion, there are more numerous occurences of imported lamps between the second quarter of the 2nd century AD, and the first third of the 3rd century AD., with a higher frequency in the second half of the 2nd century AD. Lamps of local production begin to circulate in the second half of the 2nd century AD, until the middle of the 2nd century AD, with greater frequency from the last decade of the 2nd century AD, to the middle of the 3rd century AD."

The beginnings of Roman life in Romula are difficult to identify. The traces of habitation are ephemeral, probably, many of them were destroyed by the refurbishing of the following periods. Since the first war between Dacians and Romans, in 101-102, a marching camp was built in Reşca (Dobrosloveni commune, Olt County). In terms of archaeological structures, the elements of the fortification in the central area, the two fossae, the berm and the two enclosure walls stand out. To this is added a building in the central-northern area of the Central Fortification, which had a wooden plank floor. In the Northern Sector, a Roman cultural layer appeared, with building materials (spikes) and other objects that can be dated with coins issued in the early 2nd century AD.

Emilian Damian Popovici,1,2 Dana Gabriela Negru,3 Teodora Olariu,4 Mariana Nagy,5 Sorin Dinu,6 Gabriela Oprisan,6,7 Lavinia Zota,8 Luminita Mirela Baditoiu11Epidemiology Department, "Victor BabeÅŸ" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, TimiÅŸoara, Romania; 2National Institute of Public Health, Regional Public Health Centre, TimiÅŸoara, Romania; 3Private Medical Epidemiology Practice, Arad, Romania; 4Arad County Clinical Hospital, Arad, Romania; 5Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad, Arad, Romania; 6Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Cantacuzino National Medical – Military Institute of Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania; 7Faculty of Pharmacy, "Titu Maiorescu" University, Bucharest, Romania; 8National Institute of Public Health, National Centre for Surveillance and Control of Communicable Diseases, Bucharest, RomaniaCorrespondence: Emilian Damian PopoviciEpidemiology Department, "Victor BabeÅŸ" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Piata Eftimie Murgu, TimiÅŸoara 300041, RomaniaTel +40 74 420 6030Fax +40 25 649 2101Email epidemio@umft.roPurpose: This study shows the epidemiological profile of the first gastroenteritis outbreak of GII.P17 in the Romanian territory. An outbreak with such large amplitude in a European territory was previously undocumented.Patients and methods: Using a cross-sectional design, with the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) deterministic compartmental model for a fixed population, and the cluster method for establishing the high-incidence zones, we carried out our investigation by means of questionnaires containing personal data, affected collectivities, disease onset and duration, symptoms displayed, medical assistance provided, previous antibiotic intake where applicable, food consumption and water sources, and sanitation conditions. The confirmation of cases was done based on the typical norovirus gastroenteritis symptomatology and using three laboratory confirmations (by molecular diagnosis) for GII.P17-GII.17 genotype noroviruses from three patients.Results: A gastroenteritis outbreak occurred in October–November 2015, affecting 328 people in Arad, a county in Western Romania, covering 44 neighbouring localities with a total population of 35,440 people. The study detected an inter-human transmission of the infection, with an intrafamilial risk of disease of 2.26 (95% CI 1.76 to 2.90) compared with the community transmission (in school collectivity). The basic reproduction number Ro dropped from 1.26 to 0.18 during weeks 43:44, after controlling the transmission by decontamination and isolation.Conclusion: SIR made it possible to highlight the expansion of the emerging norovirus strain infection from community to family collectivities. This study provides practical solutions to limit disease cases, even in the absence of etiology, and shows the importance of sometimes underestimated traditional control methods.Keywords: norovirus, GII.17_Kawasaki, SIR, basic reproduction number