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Social movements formed in response to austerity measures have played an increasingly important role in referendums. The book uses unique case studies to illustrate the ways the social movements have affected the referendums' dynamic and results. It also addresses the way in which participation from below has had a transformative impact.

Social movements formed in response to austerity measures have played an increasingly important role in referendums. The book uses unique case studies to illustrate the ways the social movements have affected the referendums' dynamic and results. It also addresses the way in which participation from below has had a transformative impact.

Sebastian Maisel, ed., The Kurds: an Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2018, 376 pp., (978-1-4408-4256-6).Murat Yeşiltaş and Tuncay Kardaş, eds., Non-State Armed Actors in the Middle East: Geopolitics, Ideology, Strategy. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, 278 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-319-55287-3). Barbara Henning, Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family in Imperial and Post-Imperial Contexts: Continuities and Changes. Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press, 2018, 756 pp., (ISBN: 9783863095512).Gareth Stansfield and Mohammed Shareef, eds, The Kurdish Question Revisited. London: C Hurst & Co., 2017, 712 pp., (ISBN-10: 0190687185; ISBN-13: 978-0190687182).Abbas Amanat, Iran: A Modern History, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2017, pp. 1000, (ISBN-10: 0300112548, ISBN-13: 978-0300112542).

PURPOSE: Heat illnesses are important and potentially fatal conditions among physically active individuals. We determined predictors of heat illness among enlistees in a large military population experiencing common physical activity patterns. METHODS: We estimated the adjusted odds of mild and severe heat illness associated with demographic, health-related, and geographic factors among active-duty, United States Army soldiers enlisting between January 2011 – December 2014 (N=238,168) using discrete-time multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: We observed 2,612 incident cases of mild heat illness (MHI) and 732 incident cases of severe heat illness (SHI) during 427,922 person-years of follow-up, with a mean and median of 21.6 and 21 months per subject. During the first six duty months, 71.3% of the MHIs and 60.2% of the SHIs occurred, peaking at month two. The odds of MHI quadrupled among those with prior SHI (OR=4.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.67 – 6.03). Body mass index (BMI) extremes increased risk substantially (ORs at BMI ≥30: for MHI, 1.41, CI 1.19 – 1.67; for SHI, 1.94, CI 1.47 – 2.56; ORs at BMI <18.5: for MHI, 1.50, CI 1.01 – 2.21; for SHI, 2.26, CI 1.16 – 4.39). Tobacco use was associated with a 55% increase (CI: 1.37 – 1.77) in MHI odds. The odds of MHI increased if taking NSAIDs, opioids or methylphenidate stimulants. Lower age and lower entry aptitude scores were associated with progressively increased MHI odds. CONCLUSION: The majority of heat illnesses occurred at the outset of service, indicating the need for focused prevention methods at the initiation of military duty. Prior heat illness, BMI extremes, medications and tobacco use represent potentially actionable risk factors to address by education, policy, and/or clinician intervention.

Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Authors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Late Neoliberalism and Its Discontents: An Introduction -- 1.1 What Is This a Crisis of? Late Neoliberalism in the Great Recession -- 1.2 From Democratic Deficit to a Crisis of Responsibility in the European Union -- 1.3 Anti-austerity Movements -- 1.4 The Research and This Volume -- Note -- References -- Chapter 2: Iceland's Mobilization in the Financial Crisis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Socio-Economic and Political Conditions -- 2.3 Protest Events and Protest Campaigns

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between a single the intracompartmental pressure (ICP) value in the anterior compartment of the leg 1 minute after provocative exercise and the outcome of a conservative treatment program in a cohort of military service members with chronic exercise-related leg pain. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Department of military sports medicine at a secondary care facility. PARTICIPANTS: In the years 2015 through 2019, the conservative treatment program was completed by 231 service members with chronic exercise-related leg pain, of whom 108 patients with 200 affected legs met all inclusion criteria (N=108). INTERVENTIONS: All patients completed a comprehensive conservative treatment program, consisting of 4-6 individual gait retraining sessions during a period of 6-12 weeks. In addition, patients received uniform homework assignments, emphasizing acquisition of the new running technique. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary treatment outcome was return to active duty. The duration of treatment, occurrence of acute on chronic compartment syndrome, and patient-reported outcome measures were considered secondary treatment outcomes. Potential risk factors for the primary treatment outcome were identified with a generalized logistic mixed model. RESULTS: Return to active duty was possible for 74 (69%) patients, whereas 34 (31%) needed further treatment. The multivariable analysis showed that the absolute values of ICP in the anterior compartment were not associated with the treatment outcome (odds ratio, 1.01; P=.64). A lower Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score at intake was negatively associated with the potential to successfully return to active duty (odds ratio, 0.95; P=.01). No acute on chronic compartment syndromes were reported. CONCLUSIONS: A single postexercise ICP value in the anterior compartments of the lower leg of military service members with chronic exercise-related leg pain was not associated with the outcome of a secondary care conservative treatment ...

IMPORTANCE: Concern about the renal effects of nonsteroidand al anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) among young, healthy adults has been limited, but more attention may be warranted given the prevalent use of these agents. OBJECTIVE: To test for associations between dispensed NSAIDs and incident acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease while controlling for other risk factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective, longitudinal cohort study used deidentified medical and administrative data on 764 228 active-duty US Army soldiers serving between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2014. Analysis was conducted from August 1 to November 30, 2018. All individuals new to Army service were included in the analysis. Persons already serving in January 2011 were required to have at least 7 months of observable time to eliminate those with kidney disease histories. EXPOSURES: Mean total defined daily doses of prescribed NSAIDs dispensed per month in the prior 6 months. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Incident outcomes were defined by diagnoses documented in health records and a military-specific digital system. RESULTS: Among the 764 228 participants (655 392 [85.8%] men; mean [SD] age, 28.6 [7.9] years; median age, 27.0 years [interquartile range, 22.0-33.0 years]), 502 527 (65.8%) were not dispensed prescription NSAIDs in the prior 6 months, 137 108 (17.9%) were dispensed 1 to 7 mean total defined daily doses per month, and 124 594 (16.3%) received more than 7 defined daily doses per month. There were 2356 acute kidney injury outcomes (0.3% of participants) and 1634 chronic kidney disease outcomes (0.2%) observed. Compared with participants who received no medication, the highest exposure level was associated with significantly higher adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for acute kidney injury (aHR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.4) and chronic kidney disease (aHR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0-1.3), with annual outcome excesses per 100 000 exposed individuals totaling 17.6 cases for acute kidney injury and 30.0 cases for chronic kidney ...

Sickle cell trait and certain renal disorders are disproportionately prevalent among African American individuals, so a clear understanding of their association is important. We conducted a longitudinal study using the Stanford Military Data Repository to examine sickle cell trait in relation to the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our study population consisted of African American U.S. Army soldiers on active duty between January 2011 and December 2014. The cumulative incidence was 0.51% for AKI (236 cases out of 45,901 soldiers) and 0.56% for CKD (255 cases out of 45,882 soldiers). Discrete time logistic regression models adjusting for demographic-, military- and healthcare-related covariates showed that sickle cell trait was associated with significantly higher adjusted odds of both AKI (odds ratio [OR]: 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17 – 2.59) and CKD (OR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.39 – 2.88). Elevated odds of AKI and CKD were also observed in association with prior CKD and AKI, respectively, and with obesity and prior hypertension. Individuals with sickle cell trait and their providers should be aware of the possibility of increased risk of AKI and CKD to allow for timely intervention and possible prevention.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell trait (SCT) has been associated with an increased risk of sudden death in athletes during strenuous exercise. In August 2010, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began requiring athletes to be screened for SCT, provide proof of SCT status, or sign a waiver and launched an educational campaign for athletes, coaches, and medical staff. The impact of this program is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of death associated with sickle cell trait (daSCT) in NCAA athletes before and after legislation. HYPOTHESIS: NCAA SCT legislation will decrease the incidence of daSCT. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 2. METHODS: A database of NCAA athlete deaths from 2000 to 2019 was reviewed for daSCT. A total of 8,309,050 athlete-years (AY) were included. Incidence of death was calculated before and after legislation. RESULTS: The incidence of daSCT in Division I (DI) football athletes before legislation (n = 9) was 1:28,145 AY and after legislation (n = 1) was 1:250,468 AY (relative risk [RR], 0.112; 95% CI, 0.003-0.811; P = 0.022), an 89% reduction in risk after legislation was enacted. The incidence of daSCT in African American DI football athletes before legislation (n = 9) was 1:12,519 AY and after legislation (n = 1) was 1:118,464 AY (RR, 0.106; 95% CI, 0.002-0.763; P = 0.017), also an 89% risk reduction after legislation was enacted. For all NCAA athletes, the incidence of daSCT was 1:489,749 AY before legislation (n = 10) and 1:1,705,780 AY after legislation (n = 2) (RR, 0.288; 95% CI, 0.031-1.347; P = 0.146). CONCLUSION: The incidence of daSCT in DI football athletes has decreased significantly since legislation was enacted. Cases of daSCT outside of football are rare. It is unclear whether the decrease is related to screening for SCT, education, or both. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This is the first evidence that NCAA SCT legislation may save lives.