Suchergebnisse

The Politico-Economic Structuring of the Private Security Sector.
The private security sector is developing continually. Statistical studies show the emergence of sizeable companies, which account for the majority of activity in the field. The area of biggest development is that of video-surveillance. In response to this development in the private security sector public authorities have set up a regulatory framework. In twenty years there have been three major legislative stages. The attitude of public powers has evolved from one of suspicion to one of coexistence. The orientation and programming law of 1995 in fact acknowledges that certain private security operations should participate in the 'co-production' of collective security. This new plan of action for public/private collaboration should be further reinforced in the near future.

The article describes the kinds of risks which occur during the transport of goods by road and the manner in which they occur. It is based on fieldwork in the industry. In the context of a free trade economy based on «just in time » production, distributors are required to work to very tight timetables and low price contracts, which often results in them ignoring the normal health and safety at work regulations and taking risks on the road. How can the different sources of regulation (criminal law, administrative law, social regulation) have an impact to create more discipline in the market and to lift the burden being placed by these external forces on the weakest operators? What concrete and effective means can we expect from the new sectoral French policy called «contrat de progrès» which, since 1994, has tried to enlarge the circle of those to be held responsible to include all those involved in the distribution chain (manufacturers, distributors and drivers, as well as buyers).

According to this paper the taking off and the mobility of the protection market is more or less linked to the new orientations of the insurance branch, due to the fading State. Today, insurance companies do not only reimburse claims. Being involved in more and more numerous steps of the «security process», they are modeling the main forms of property risks' prevention; they prompt their clients to buy protection and check for the consequences of this policy.

This paper describes an original private-policing experiment, initiated in a socio-cultural context favouring community policing, by a shooping mall in a so- called hard neighborhood. This experiment challenges many generally accepted ideas about prevention of incivilities in a privately owned space open to the public. A drop in the level of losses incurred by the supermarket cannot be the unique criterion by which situational prevention's efficiency can be evaluated. Specific community prevention programs, focusing on youngsters and on the perceived causes of their idleness and their incivilities should also be taken into account. This approach rocks the balance of ordinary division of labour relative to social control. Although a long term evaluation of the experiment's success remains a difficult task (which would be the criteria?), it still leaves room for a new approach of shopping malls in France as more than organized victims struggling to defend their premises; they can be viewed as possible partners in the general production of urban safety.

Après avoir constaté de multiples essais concrets de dialogues entre différentes disciplines intéressées au champ d'étude de la déviance et de la criminalité, l'auteur procède à l'évaluation d'un colloque qui en fut le symbole (Paris, CNRS, 1984 : «Normes, différences et résistances, régulations et contrôles»). Son matériel, constitué par les diverses contributions recueillies à ce moment là (et notamment l'histoire et la sociologie), cherche surtout à rendre compte des carences de la recherche française, examine les conditions de l'approfondissement des savoirs, et précise de nouveaux objets pour renouveler la production du champ.

Op basis van empirisch onderzoek van dossiers van uitgewezen vreemde misdadigers binnen het gebied van een franse prefectuur, gaat men in deze studie de betekenis na van de uitwijzing, die in het recht wordt geduid als het gevolg van de bedreiging van de openbare or de. Dit onderzoek wijst uit dat de Administrate, buiten de strafrechtsbedeling om en onder de dekmantel van de gevaarlijkste individuen te ver- wijderen, op grond van inlichtingen en onder druk van de politie, zich in feite de middelen verschaft om de franse staatsburgerlijke lots- bestemming van de vreemdelingen te beoorfelen en uit te maken, door een onderscheid aan te brengen tussen te recupereren en niet te recupereren onderdanen. Dit is een subjectieve scheidingslijn, die steunt op de overtuiging dat bepaalde personen de overheersende waarden van het onthaalland kunnen integreren en andere niet.

Le dispositif de sécurité intérieure de l'État français se caractérise par une architecture originale et centralisée, héritée de son histoire, qui met désormais en scène, aux côtés de la police et de la gendarmerie nationales, la contribution de la sécurité privée, des polices municipales et des réseaux de vigilance citoyens. À l'aide des recherches empiriques cumulatives des auteurs, l'article revient sur l'émergence du référentiel de continuum de sécurité et analyse le développement des différentes ressources mobilisées. Il montre comment le pouvoir central, loin de se laisser déposséder de ses prérogatives, s'efforce de tirer parti d'un mouvement de pluralisation qu'il encadre et promeut tout à la fois dans un contexte marqué par une double pression sécuritaire et budgétaire.