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© 2021 by the authors. ; Ras and Rho proteins are GTP-regulated molecular switches that control multiple signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells. Ras was among the first identified oncogenes, and it appears mutated in many forms of human cancer. It mainly promotes proliferation and survival through the MAPK pathway and the PI3K/AKT pathways, respectively. However, the myriad proteins close to the plasma membrane that activate or inhibit Ras make it a major regulator of many apparently unrelated pathways. On the other hand, Rho is weakly oncogenic by itself, but it critically regulates microfilament dynamics; that is, actin polymerization, disassembly and contraction. Polymerization is driven mainly by the Arp2/3 complex and formins, whereas contraction depends on myosin mini-filament assembly and activity. These two pathways intersect at numerous points: from Ras-dependent triggering of Rho activators, some of which act through PI3K, to mechanical feedback driven by actomyosin action. Here, we describe the main points of connection between the Ras and Rho pathways as they coordinately drive oncogenic transformation. We emphasize the biochemical crosstalk that drives actomyosin contraction driven by Ras in a Rho-dependent manner. We also describe possible routes of mechanical feedback through which myosin II activation may control Ras/Rho activation. ; This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SAF2017- 87408 and RTI2018-099161-A-I00), AECC Seed award (2018–IDEAS18018VICE) and ECRIN-M3 from AECC/AIRC/CRUK. IBMCC is supported by the Programa de Apoyo a Planes Estratégicos de Investigación de Estructuras de Investigación de Excelencia of the Ministry of Education of the Castilla–León Government (CLC–2017–01). ; Peer reviewed

This study, by the application of a linear regression by ordinary least squares (OLS), aimed to explore the relationships between knowledge management practices (KMP) and innovation outcomes (product, process, organizational, and commercial), and how they can be moderated by two dimensions of the entrepreneurial orientation (proactiveness and risk taking). This empirical study used survey data from a sample of 288 Spanish family small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The results revealed a positive effect of all the KMPs studied for at least one of the innovation variables studied. Regarding the moderating effect of proactiveness and risk taking on the KMP-innovation outcomes relationship, proactiveness negatively moderated the relationship between knowledge creation and product/process innovation. Moreover, a positive moderating effect was found for the case of knowledge application and process innovation. With regard to risk taking, the evidence found was mixed, and confirmed for some KMPs and all the innovation measures, with the exception of process innovation. The only positive moderating effect found was for knowledge storage and product innovation, whereas, contrary to expected, a negative moderating effect was found for knowledge creation, transfer, and application practices and commercial, product, and organizational innovations, respectively.

Resumen: Este artículo se centra en analizar las necesidades de formación que poseen los jóvenes entre 15 y 26 años, que asisten al programa de Formación Profesional Básica, para continuar estudios y/o acceder a un empleo. El estudio realizado es exploratorio, descriptivo e inferencial desarrollado en la Comunidad de Madrid. Se ha elaborado un cuestionario ad hoc, validado por jueces expertos. Se analizaron los datos mediante métodos cuantitativos: descriptivos, inferenciales y multivariados. Los hallazgos han posibilitado el conocimiento de propuestas educativas para lograr una formación eficaz que permita a los jóvenes en riesgo social su integración en la sociedad mediante el apoyo de los implicados. Promover un enfoque formativo integral mediante una relación fuerte entre las instituciones formativas y lugares de trabajo, serían modos de avanzar en la igualdad de oportunidades en todos los estratos poblacionales de la sociedad y sobre todo en aquellos jóvenes más vulnerables.Abstract: This article is focused on analyzing training needs about youth among 15 and 26 years old, who attend the Basic Professional Training program, to continue studies and/or to access to a job post. The made study is exploratory, descriptive and inferential type carried out in the Community of Madrid. A survey has been elaborated (ah doc), which was validate for expert judges. Quantitative methods were used to analysis data: descriptive, inferential and multivariate. The discoveries have let the direct knowledge of the real situations and contexts of the youth in social difficulty, like so the educational proposals which are carried out with the finality to get an efficient training which let youth in social risk to reach an integration in the society through the support of the involved. Promoting an integral and training approach close through a strong relationship among training institutions and labor places, they would be ways to go forward in the equal opportunities in all population strata and especially in youth more vulnerable.

Processed cheese from cow's milk is one of the most consumed dairy products worldwide. Since this product is defined as ready-to-eat, foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes can represent a health concern for susceptible populations. In this study, the individual and combined kinetic behaviour of four L. monocytogenes serogroups (namely, 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c and 4b) persistently isolated from a Spanish cheesemaking factory was modelled on grated cheese at different isothermal conditions (4 and 12 °C) during a 120-days period. The serogroup variability was characterized over the storage time by the isolation and identification of the different serogroups in the cocktail containing the four strains. This processed cheese did not support the growth of L. monocytogenes during storage. Survival patterns described by the log-linear type model indicated a high variability of L. monocytogenes serotypes at the tested temperatures: L. monocytogenes serogroup 4b showed a more rapid decrease rate at 4 °C than at 12 °C, while the opposite trend was found for the rest of serogroups and the L. monocytogenes cocktail containing all the strains. Survival rate of L. monocytogenes serogroup 1/2c at 4 °C was 0.007 log CFU/d being the most resistant serotype while at 12 °C, serogroup 1/2a showed the lowest survival rate (0.011 log CFU/d), thus showing a prolonged survival at this temperature. This study highlights the potential implications of L. monocytogenes contamination in processed cheese and shows that serogroup variability should be considered when evaluating survival patterns in contaminated products. Finally, the predictive models developed here could be useful to assist food operators to set specific storage conditions and formulations to avoid L. monocytogenes growth and survival in grated cheeses. ; European Union (EU) funded Integrated Project PROMISE (project number 265877; 7th Framework Programme)

En este artículo presentamos un estudio que articula el aprendizaje de los periodos históricos con el aprendizaje cooperativo a través del método Puzle en la formación de docentes. La virtualización de las clases universitarias por la pandemia de la covid-19 nos permite indagar si el Puzle es una buena opción para el aprendizaje cooperativo virtual de los periodos históricos. Esta investigación es de tipo estructural y se ha desarrollado en cuatro fases: análisis de la literatura, adaptación del método y creación de las fases de aprendizaje de los periodos históricos, aplicación y recogida de datos, y análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de las percepciones del alumnado (n=57) con el programa Atlas.ti y con la matriz DAFO para mostrar Debilidades, Amenazas, Fortalezas y Oportunidades del Puzle virtual. Los resultados apuntan que es un método cooperativo virtual útil para el aprendizaje de los periodos históricos, y un instrumento para la inclusión, la motivación y la responsabilidad individual. También que es un método complejo donde aparecen tres tipologías diferentes de aprendizaje grupal, diferenciando la cooperación de la colaboración.

Este artículo contiene 8 páginas, 6 figuras, 1 tabla. ; Interactions among species are essential in shaping ecological communities, although it is not always clear under what conditions they can persist when the number of species involved is higher than two. Here we describe a three-species assemblage involving the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa, the pen shell Pinna nobilis and the herbivore sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, and we explore the mechanisms allowing its persistence through field obser vations and manipulative experiments. The abundance of pen shells was higher in seagrass beds than in bare sand, suggesting a recruitment facilitation. The presence of sea urchins, almost exclusively attached or around pen shells, indicated habitat facilitation for sea urchins, which overgrazed the meadow around the pen shells forming seagrass-free halos. Our results suggest that this system persists thanks to: (i) the behavioral reluctance of sea urchins to move far from pen shells, making their impact on seagrass strictly local, (ii) the sparse distri bution of pen shells and (iii) the plant's resistance mechanisms to herbivory. Unpacking these mechanisms allows a better understanding of how ecological communities are assembled. ; This study received financial support from the Spanish Government (project UM BRAL CTM2017-86695-C3-1R; CTM2017-86695-C3-3R). The Spanish National Research Council supported R. Arthur's visitorship with the Memorandum of Understanding between CEAB-NCF. ; Peer reviewed

Introducción. Este artículo presenta los resultados parciales de una investigación interdisciplinar consecuencia de un proyecto de innovación subvencionado por la universidad de Salamanca. Objetivos. Los objetivos son la identificación de los roles representados en diversos documentos televisivos españoles de los años 60, 80 y 2000, y el detectar el cambio social de cada época. Metodología. Se utiliza una metodología mixta con la elaboración de una encuesta aplicada a estudiantes y profesores de diversos Máster para detectar la representación de los paradigmas sociales en la televisión en los períodos analizados, los valores y los estereotipos que los sustentan. Para analizar el cambio en las preguntas de la encuesta en las diferentes etapas, se realizaron anovas de medidas repetidas y la prueba post-hoc bonferroni para las variables cuantitativa, y las pruebas no paramétricas de Q Cochran y McNemar para las variables categóricas de respuesta dicotómica. Conclusión. Se establece un cambio de paradigma en la representación de los roles en el país, con una evolución desigual de los mismos. Los malos tratos se visibilizan en los documentos audiovisuales y estos parecen fundamentarse en la pérdida de la identidad tradicional.

The major challenges in diagnosing small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection include early detection and genotyping of strains of epidemiological interest. A longitudinal study was carried out in Rasa Aragonesa sheep experimentally infected with viral strains of genotypes A or B from Spanish neurological and arthritic SRLV outbreaks, respectively. Sera were tested with two commercial ELISAs, three based on specific peptides and a novel combined peptide ELISA. Three different PCR assays were used to further assess infection status.The kinetics of anti-viral antibody responses were variable, with early diagnosis dependent on the type of ELISA used. Peptide epitopes of SRLV genotypes A and B combined in the same ELISA well enhanced the overall detection rate, whereas single peptides were useful for genotyping the infecting strain (A vs. B). The results of the study suggest that a combined peptide ELISA can be used for serological diagnosis of SRLV infection, with single peptide ELISAs useful for subsequent serotyping. ; Funded by CICYT (AGL2010-22341-C04-01 and AGL2013-49137-C3-1R) and Navarra's Government (IIQ010449.RI1 and IIQ14064.RI1). L. Sanjosé was a FPI-fellow of the Spanish MINECO and R. Reina had a contract of the Public University of Navarra. ; Peer Reviewed

Aluminum (Al)-based salts are widely used adjuvants in ruminants and other species to strengthen the immune response elicited against vaccine antigen(s). However, they can lead to the formation of long-lasting granulomas composed of abundant activated macrophages. Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are widely distributed macrophage-tropic retroviruses that cause persistent infections in sheep and goats. Infected monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells establish an inflammatory microenvironment that eventually leads to clinical manifestations. The aim of this work was to study the effect of Al-induced granulomas in the replication and pathogenesis of SRLV. Eleven adult, naturally SRLV-infected sheep showing clinical arthritis were distributed in vaccine (n = 6), adjuvant-only (n = 3), and control (n = 2) groups and inoculated with commercial Al-based vaccines, Al hydroxide adjuvant alone, or phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. In vitro studies demonstrated viral replication in Al-induced granulomas in 5 out of 10 sheep. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) evinced granular, intracytoplasmic SRLV presence in macrophages within granulomas. Viral sequences obtained from granulomas, blood monocytes, and other tissues were highly similar in most animals, suggesting virus circulation among body compartments. However, notable differences between isolated strains in granulomas and other tissues in specific animals were also noted. Interestingly, the B2 subtype was the most commonly found SRLV genotype, reaching a wider body distribution than previously described. Recombination events between genotypes B2 and A3 along the gag region were identified in two sheep. Our results indicate that Al-hydroxide-derived granulomas may represent an ideal compartment for SRLV replication, perhaps altering natural SRLV infection by providing a new, suitable target tissue. IMPORTANCE Granulomas are inflammation-derived structures elicited by foreign bodies or certain infections. Aluminum adjuvants included in vaccines induce granulomas in many species. In sheep, these are persistent and consist of activated macrophages. Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), which are macrophage-tropic lentiviruses, cause a chronic wasting disease affecting animal welfare and production. Here, we studied the occurrence of SRLV in postvaccination granulomas retrieved from naturally infected ewes after vaccination or inoculation with aluminum only. SRLV infection was confirmed in granulomas by identification of viral proteins, genomic fragments, and enzymatic activity. The infecting SRLV strain, previously found exclusively in carpal joints, reached the central nervous system, suggesting that occurrence of SRLV in postvaccination granulomas may broaden tissue tropism. SRLV recombination was detected in inoculated animals, a rare event in sheep lentiviruses. Potentially, virus-host interactions within granulomas may modify viral pathogenesis and lead to more widespread infection. ; This work was funded by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (AGL2013-49137-C3-1-R and AGL2013-49137-C3-2-R), the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (RTI2018-096172-B-C31 and RTI2018-096172-BC33), and the Recognized Research Groups of Government of Aragón (A17_17R, Animal Health and Reproduction). I.E. was a PhD student funded by the Universidad Pública de Navarra. R.d.M. was a PhD student funded by the Department of Innovation, Research and University of Aragón. J.A. and A.R.-L. were PhD students funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (formerly Spanish Ministry of Education).