Suchergebnisse

The tortuous ratification process of the Maastricht Treaty, the turmoil in European currency markets in the autumn of 1992, the lack of political leadership ever since the Maastricht negotiation, and the recession would seem to have created a sense of disillusion about the much heralded post-1992 period for the European Community (EC). Is the Community drifting back to Europessimism? Was the impact of EC-1992 a fata morgana? What, if anything, was accomplished by EC-1992? This article shows that EC-1992 has enormous significance for the EC. There are four reasons. The first and most fundamental one is found in the induced transformation of the process of European integration in many ways. Second, EC-1992 has fulfilled a locomotive function, pulling the Community out of stagnation, bickering, and deadlock to great economic policy and political and market dynamism. Third, EC-1992 has bolstered the Community's position in the world economy and diplomacy. Fourth, the successful pursuit of EC-1992 has enabled the EC to assume the leadership in the post-Communist pan-European turmoil; although the EC role is not satisfactory, without EC-1992 and its impact, a disastrous leadership gap would have shown up.

El presente articulo fue preparado para la conferencia "La integracion regional en Europa y America Latina: objetivos estrategicos y refuerzo de las capacidades de respuesta", Montevideo, Uruguay, 9-12 de marzo de 1993. Se compara la experiencia de las Comunidades Europeas con las cuestiones que emanan de las estrategias de desarrollo, la industrializacion y la competencia en los acuerdos de integracion regional entre los paises latinoamericanos. (Int.Lat.)

ASEAN, the Association of South East Asian Nations, comprises the fastest growing countries of the world economy. Apart from including the only NIE (newly industrialising economy), not having encountered domestic political or social growth constraints—Singapore, with 11 per cent real growth in 1988, 9.2 per cent in 1989 and 10 per cent, first quarter 1990—it consists of recent record holder Thailand (with growth rates above 10 per cent for three years), Malaysia (growth in the 7 per cent—9 per cent range), Indonesia (recent growth 6–7 per cent), Philippines (oscillating growth due to internal instability) and Brunei (an oil-exporting sultanate). The ASEAN countries do not owe their growth to the integration of ASEAN countries into a free trade area, a customs union or a common market. Intra-group trade liberalisation and economic cooperation are still modest. These growth marvels owe their performance to exports, especially to the OECD countries. The quality and very high growth rates of exports were and still are fostered by foreign investment and imports of intermediate inputs from the target markets.

Die Untersuchung der wesentlichen Elemente des "neuen Ansatzes" der EG (1985) für technische Harmonisierung und Standardisierung verweist auf das zentrale politische Problem, die technischen Handelshemmnisse zu beseitigen, um einen uneingeschränkten gemeinsamen Produktmarkt zu schaffen. Die Entstehung neuer Handelshemmnisse soll vermieden, europäische Standardisierung gefördert werden. Die Vorteile des neuen Ansatzes ergeben sich aus einem Vergleich mit dem früheren wenig wirksamen Harmonisierungsprogramm. Es sind größere Kohärenz zwischen politischer und rechtlicher Regelung und bessere Vermittlung zwischen Harmonisierung technischer Vorschriften und europäischer Standardisierung. Entscheidend für den Erfolg des neuen Ansatzes ist die konsequente Anwendung der gegebenen Möglichkeiten. (AuD-Hng)