Suchergebnisse

Informal settlements (often called 'slums') seem to defy the realisation of social rights. TheUN SpecialRapporteurs, in their reports, present informal dwellers mostly as the victims of human rights violations. Informal dwellers are not merely victims, however; they also produce non‐state welfare through economic and social practices on the margins. Considering the human right to housing (as promise of social citizenship) and informal settlements, we discuss the 'everyday social contract of informality' that frames the production of non‐state welfare in densely populated urban areas in the global South. Planning theorists, by introducing 'insurgent citizenship', examine the potential of bottom‐up initiatives that claim the 'right to the city'. Insurgent citizenship focuses on the enjoyment dimension of human rights. In this vein, we suggest that human rights cannot be implemented in informal settings without full consideration to the spatiality and sociality of non‐state welfare.

The policy issue of how to target poor households rather than provide universal coverage takes the primary place in the question of redistribution where resources are limited. The Government of India's social protection programs, particularly the old age pension for the informal sector of the economy, has taken a targeting approach. In this article we show that there is a case for universal coverage since ageing households experience greater exclusion from market‐based protection as well as from informal (household‐based) protection. We make the argument for universal coverage on two grounds: first, a targeted approach has resulted in leakage, indicating that non‐poor elderly individuals in the unorganized sector also require some sort of support. Though they are valid, we do not resort to traditional arguments against targeting, such as that it creates institutional lock‐in mechanisms and stigmatizes the recipients. Second, the loss of income on age‐related matters (e.g. hospitalization) or the ability of elderly individuals to gain credit is not particularly class‐specific, although the targeting policy implies it is. The article is based on the secondary data source of the National Sample Survey, primary data sources, particularly those conducted by the authors in Kerala and Maharashtra and specifically designed for the ageing population, and ethnographic observations from fieldwork.

Resumen  Si bien la región de Asia y el Pacífico está caracterizada por una gran diversidad, la región en su totalidad merece nuestra atención. Estos últimos años han tenido lugar grandes logros en la promoción del crecimiento económico, la construcción de una seguridad social y la reducción de la pobreza, sin embargo, todavía quedan grandes desafíos, nueve de los cuales han sido identificados. Cinco son similares a problemas que se daban en Europa hace 60 años, carencias, miseria, subempleo, mala educación y mala salud. Los otros cuatro: crecimiento desigual, discriminación, corrupción y poblaciones que envejecen, contribuyen a disminuir la eficacia de las políticas dedicadas a solucionar los primeros cinco problemas. En este documento esbozamos una respuesta múltiple que incluye mecanismos para ampliar el empleo en el sector formal, ampliar la cobertura de la seguridad social dentro del sector formal y al sector informal, y establecer y mantener redes de seguridad social para aquellas personas que, de otra manera, quedarían excluidas de la protección social.

Résumé  Même si la zone Asie‐Pacifique est caractérisée par une grande diversité, son ensemble mérite attention. De grandes choses ont été accomplies ces dernières années pour favoriser la croissance économique, bâtir une sécurité sociale et faire reculer la pauvreté, mais il reste des obstacles gigantesques, qu'on peut chiffrer à neuf. Cinq sont analogues aux problèmes qui sévissaient en Europe il y a soixante ans: indigence, insalubrité, chômage, manque d'instruction et manque d'hygiène. Les quatre autres, à savoir croissance inéquitable, discrimination, corruption et vieillissement démographique nuisent à l'efficacité des politiques ciblant les cinq premiers. On esquisse ici en réponse une stratégie quadruple. Elle comprend des mécanismes visant àétendre l'emploi dans le secteur structuré, àélargir la couverture de la sécurité sociale dans le secteur structuré et dans le secteur non structuré et, enfin, à créer et à maintenir des filets de sécuritéà l'intention de ceux qui se trouveraient autrement exclus de la protection sociale.

Auszug  Obwohl die Region Asien und Pazifik sich durch eine enorme Diversität auszeichnet, verdient sie auch als Ganzes Aufmerksamkeit. In den letzten Jahren wurden große Fortschritte bei der Förderung des Wirtschaftswachstums, dem Aufbau der sozialen Sicherheit und der Linderung von Armut erzielt, aber es bleiben noch riesige Herausforderungen bestehen, von denen neun hier identifiziert werden. Fünf davon entsprechen den in Europa vor 60 Jahren vorherrschenden Problemen: Not, Elend, Unterbeschäftigung, schlechte Ausbildung und schlechte Gesundheit. Die anderen vier, ungleichmäßiges Wachstum, Diskriminierung, Korruption und alternde Bevölkerungen, beeinträchtigen die Wirksamkeit von Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der ersten fünf. Hier wird eine vierteilige Antwortstrategie umrissen, die Mechanismen einschließt, um die Beschäftigung im formellen Sektor zu fördern, die Deckung durch die soziale Sicherheit im formellen Sektor und auf den informellen Sektor auszuweiten und um Netze der sozialen Sicherheit für Personen einzurichten und aufrechtzuerhalten, die sonst vom Sozialschutz ausgeschlossen wären.

Abstract Does any form of social security make sense in emergent economies, such as those in Asia and the Pacific, where most of the labour force is involved in the informal sector? This article explores various options. Though there are structural obstacles, such as the increasing casualization of labour, the inability of low paid employees to save for the future and widespread corruption, the state is not devoid of policy opportunities. A bottom‐up approach engaging local community organizations to provide suitable security measures is one important option. However, this needs to be achieved in the context of a multifaceted approach to create an environment of decent work and training that increases individuals' employability.

Introduction: The career of caste in public policy / Rahul Choragudi, Sony Pellissery, and N. Jayaram -- Caste in and out of place : state, market, and culture / Stig Toft Madsen -- Enumerating caste in the census : is it useful for public policy? / N. Jayaram -- Awareness and access to social security among the unorganised worker households : a study of scheduled caste sub-plan and tribal sub-plan in Karnataka / D. Rajasekhar and R. Manjula -- Addressing graded inequality among the scheduled castes : internal reservation as a strategy / Arvind Narrain and Basawa Prasad Kunale -- Caste and politics : reservation policy in Tamil Nadu / Saravana Raja -- Economic opportunity, protective discrimination, and the changing jati relations : an ethnographic study in a coastal village in Andhra Pradesh / Rahul Choragudi -- Caste and public policy : the case of West Bengal / Antara Ray -- Accommodating service-caste group needs within urban policies for development : a study of dhobis in Delhi / Subhadra Mitra Channa -- Despite equality : Sikhs and the caste issue / Paramjit S. Judge -- Caste and caste discrimination among Christians and Muslims : a case for revisiting the ambit of protective discrimination policy / Gaurang Sahay -- Epilogue: Caste in public policy analysis - rediscovering public sphere through institutionalist lens / Sony Pellissery.

"Caste in India, despite its historical resilience, has been undergoing transformation since independence. If caste as a system of rigid stratification has been on the decline, castes as autonomous interest-serving groups have been on ascendance. This book critically engages with the changing notions of caste and its intersection with public policy in India. It discusses key issues such as social security, internal reservation, the idea of Most Backward Classes, caste issues among non-Hindu religious communities, caste in census, caste in market, and service castes and urban planning. Drawing on in-depth case studies from states including Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Karnataka, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and West Bengal, the volume explores the cyclical process of how caste drives policies, and how policies in turn shape the reality of caste in India. It looks at the impact of factors like protective discrimination, adult franchise and democratic decentralization, horizontal and vertical mobilisation, land reforms, and religious conversion on social mobility, and traditional hierarchy in India. Empirically rich and analytically rigorous, this book will be an excellent reference for scholars and researchers of public policy, public administration, sociology, exclusion studies, social work, law, history, economics, political science, development studies, social anthropology, and political sociology. It will also be of interest to public policy and development practitioners"--