Suchergebnisse

Desde que Paul Virilio hiciera una Exposición sobre los búnkeres de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1975, el Muro Atlantik (1942-1944) pasó de estar en el olvido a formar parte de la primera línea patrimonial. Este trabajo se ha convertido en un referente para cualquier investigación que aborde las defensas militares de las guerras del siglo XX al acercar estos dispositivos abandonados tras el conflicto a la arquitectura moderna. En el caso de Atlantikwall, se conservan documentos gráficos y permiten estudiar las estrategias militares de implantación en el litoral y las relaciones entre forma geométrica y armamento a través de las tipologías arquitectónicas. En el caso de España, los búnkeres hicieron acto de presencia con motivo de la guerra civil (1936-1939), tanto en los territorios del bando republicano como en los del bando rebelde. España fue un laboratorio de pruebas y experimentación de armas y arquitecturas militares que luego serían utilizadas en el enfrentamiento europeo. En cierto sentido, aunque ya se habían levantado otras líneas defensivas (como la Línea Maginot), el Mediterráneo español sería el primer lugar donde se ensayarían estos fuertes y baterías que constituían asentamientos defensivos para proteger ciudades y ciudadanos de los ataques aéreos del bando nacional desde la isla de Mallorca. Muchos de los planos de búnkeres y baterías, que obedecen a patrones de catálogos militares, se perdieron durante la contienda, dada la urgencia de las acciones que se llevaron a cabo de forma un tanto desorganizada. Se trata, por tanto, de restaurar los documentos gráficos desaparecidos mediante el levantamiento de estas arquitecturas que aún se mantienen en pie en lugares singulares porque pretendían repeler los ataques del enemigo por tierra, mar y aire. Este planteamiento de reconstruir una memoria a partir de los restos materiales de hechos arquitectónicos se llevará a cabo con la intención de vincular los proyectos de las defensas españolas situadas en la costa del antiguo Reino de Valencia con la ...

[EN] In 1936-1939 the War of Spain took place, turning its territory into the testing ground of Europe in anticipation of the Second World War; here new weapons were tested: mass media, propaganda and aviation. The national side used Mallorca as "aircraft carrier" from which it launched airstrikes on the Mediterranean coast: a rearguard that required fortification. To defend the cities, the Republican government ordered, in 1937, to build a coastal defensive system ("Mediterranean Wall"). On the Valencian coast there were ten basic enclaves: from the lighthouse of Castellón to the end of Santa Pola. This network of defenses had two built lines. The first was constituted by elements located at zero level, by the sea and on the beaches, which maintained regular distances from each other; these were reinforced concrete bunkers that sought to camouflage themselves. A second was formed by coastal and antiaircraft, concrete and masonry batteries that merged with the land, located in the hills to have a wider horizon and be closer to its objectives. Bunkers and batteries that followed geometric patterns in constant evolution. This communication studies the defensive settlements built by the Republican army in the cities of Xàbia and Dénia (Marina Alta), which had a port, airfield and armament factories, which made them the target of enemy aviation. In these territories many of these architectures have disappeared under real estate pressure, but there are still several bunkers, batteries and ammunition deposits that are intended to be inventoried and documented (especially the 7th of the Montgó and the 8th of the Portixol batteries) to insert into of the tradition of historical military forts (typological genealogies) and their understanding as a networked defensive system that maintains parallels with the system of coastal towers of the system of coastal towers of the Modern Age. ; Martínez-Medina, A.; Banyuls I Pérez, A.; Pirinu, A. (2020). El "Muro Mediterráneo" en el territorio de la Marina Alta: búnkeres y baterías ...

In 1936-1939 the War of Spain took place, turning its territory into the testing ground of Europe in anticipation of the Second World War; here new weapons were tested: mass media, propaganda and aviation. The national side used Mallorca as "aircraft carrier" from which it launched airstrikes on the Mediterranean coast: a rearguard that required fortification. To defend the cities, the Republican government ordered, in 1937, to build a coastal defensive system ("Mediterranean Wall"). On the Valencian coast there were ten basic enclaves: from the lighthouse of Castellón to the end of Santa Pola. This network of defenses had two built lines. The first was constituted by elements located at zero level, by the sea and on the beaches, which maintained regular distances from each other; these were reinforced concrete bunkers that sought to camouflage themselves. A second was formed by coastal and antiaircraft, concrete and masonry batteries that merged with the land, located in the hills to have a wider horizon and be closer to its objectives. Bunkers and batteries that followed geometric patterns in constant evolution. This communication studies the defensive settlements built by the Republican army in the cities of Xàbia and Dénia (Marina Alta), which had a port, airfield and armament factories, which made them the target of enemy aviation. In these territories many of these architectures have disappeared under real estate pressure, but there are still several bunkers, batteries and ammunition deposits that are intended to be inventoried and documented (especially the 7th of the Montgó and the 8th of the Portixol batteries) to insert into of the tradition of historical military forts (typological genealogies) and their understanding as a networked defensive system that maintains parallels with the system of coastal towers of the system of coastal towers of the Modern Age.

In 1936-1939 the War of Spain took place, turning its territory into the testing ground of Europe in anticipation of the Second World War; here new weapons were tested: mass media, propaganda and aviation. The national side used Mallorca as "aircraft carrier" from which it launched airstrikes on the Mediterranean coast: a rearguard that required fortification. To defend the cities, the Republican government ordered, in 1937, to build a coastal defensive system ("Mediterranean Wall"). On the Valencian coast there were ten basic enclaves: from the lighthouse of Castellón to the end of Santa Pola. This network of defenses had two built lines. The first was constituted by elements located at zero level, by the sea and on the beaches, which maintained regular distances from each other; these were reinforced concrete bunkers that sought to camouflage themselves. A second was formed by coastal and antiaircraft, concrete and masonry batteries that merged with the land, located in the hills to have a wider horizon and be closer to its objectives. Bunkers and batteries that followed geometric patterns in constant evolution. This communication studies the defensive settlements built by the Republican army in the cities of Xàbia and Dénia (Marina Alta), which had a port, airfield and armament factories, which made them the target of enemy aviation. In these territories many of these architectures have disappeared under real estate pressure, but there are still several bunkers, batteries and ammunition deposits that are intended to be inventoried and documented (especially the 7th of the Montgó and the 8th of the Portixol batteries) to insert into of the tradition of historical military forts (typological genealogies) and their understanding as a networked defensive system that maintains parallels with the system of coastal towers of the system of coastal towers of the Modern Age.

Between 1769 and 1779, the military engineer Fernando Méndez Ras performs a survey of the coastline of isla Plana –located in front of Alicante– and various drawings for its colonization. A project that – with the construction of the fortified citadel of "Nueva Tabarca"– joins design of new city and military architecture. The realization of this fortress was part of Carlos III's policy of founding new settlements. The proposed contribution analyses various urban projects (characterized by a high graphic quality and a rigorous technique), checking the evolution of the initial strategy of war machine until a settlement construction intended as an industrial village and a village of fishermen. The study of the three urban plans (1770-71, 1774-75, 1779) reveals these changes and shows how, in conjunction with decreasing the political interest for the defensive project, the engineer increases the definition of the urban project. The author transforms his design from military to civilian use, defining the citadel as a large cistern to collect rainwater for survival guarantee. The absolutist idea of man's control over the nature coexists with reasoning to understand that city, architecture and water realize a unit of military design.

Between 1769 and 1779, the militay engineer Fernando Méndez Ras performs a survey of the coastline of isla Plana –located in front of Alicante– and various drawings for its colonization. A project that – with the construction of the fortified citadel of "Nueva Tabarca"– joins design of new city and military architecture. The realization of this fortress was part of Carlos III's policy of founding new settlements. The proposed contribution analyses various urban projects (characterized by a high graphic quality and a rigorous technique), checking the evolution of the initial strategy of war machine until a settlement construction intended as an industrial village and a village of fishermen. The study of the three urban plans (1770-71, 1774-75, 1779) reveals these changes and shows how, in conjunction with decreasing the political interest for the defensive project, the engineer increases the definition of the urban project. The author transforms his design from military to civilian use, defining the citadel as a large cistern to collect rainwater for survival guarantee. The absolutist idea of man's control over the nature coexists with reasoning to understand that city, architecture and water realize a unit of military design.

This contribution shows some results of a multidisciplinary survey, which includes the integration of architectural surveying methods and geophysical methods. The operative procedure is applied in the portion of the ancient walls between the bastion of Santa Croce and the fourteenth-century Elephant Tower, in the city of Cagliari, Italy. The sector under study consists of 1) the wall curtain of Santa Chiara designed in 1575 by the engineer Giorgio Paleari and 2) the de Cardona wall curtain, a work commissioned by the Viceroy in the 30s of the same century. The archival documents offer precise indications on the extent of the collapses and the reconstructions/expansions that took place in that period, so facilitating a recognition of the events that took place. The work of the sixteenth century -brought to completion by the same Giorgio Paleari in the years 1576-1578- advances the line of defense with respect to the border of medieval matrix by means of a robust embankment, and incorporates two of the fifteenth-century towers described in the drawings of the military technicians of the time. In the eighteenth century the front was completed by the construction of a lowered embankment near the southern side of the bastion of Santa Croce and the curtain of Santa Chiara, and more recently it has been improved by means of several restorations and consolidations that changed the profile of the parapet –in the origin it was inclined - and the static balance of the constructive system, also through the use of reinforced concrete piles. The application of the survey methods and techniques used in this study provides interesting information about the current structure of the bastion system and the presence of vaulted passages functional to the military work. A new study campaign mainly based on seismic geophysical techniques is proposed.