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This article argues that aid is not the prime mover of development, but rather a catalyst. It might be used as a reward for good development governance. However, it will fulfil its catalytic function better by creating conditions for policy improvement. Better governance should be seen not only as a pre‐condition for development and for development aid, but also as a development objective in itself. This is particularly true for aid recipient countries in disarray.

Abstract
Climate change is expected to increase exposure to environmental health risk factors, including extreme temperatures, air pollution and airborne allergenic pollen. Outdoor and manual workers are a particularly vulnerable group for exposure to heat and humidity because their work may involve heavy exertion, and they might have less capacity to lose heat because of the need to wear personal protective clothing. The objective of this research is to visualize and quantify the extent of simultaneous exposure to multiple environmental risk factors throughout Europe for both workers and the general population.
Exposure data for all three stressors were output for the period in between 1 May 2022 until 31 August 2022. For each stressor a threshold was set using either official threshold values, or proposed using available literature. To account for differences in experienced heat stress amongst groups, the heat-stress index was adjusted to resemble a worker involved in heavy labor whilst wearing a full working outfit.
Simultaneous exposure to heat stress, air pollution and airborne allergenic pollen is most evident for Northern Italy. Male and female workers with a high-risk profile for heat stress are at increased risk for simultaneous exposure to multiple stressors, as the area of co-exposure hotspots in Europe is over three to six times higher for these worker groups, respectively.
Although it remains challenging to derived threshold values for evaluating hourly exposure data, we provide a framework to visualize and quantify simultaneous exposure to different environmental factors in Europe. The map and datasets are freely available online.

When assessing the topic of access to (extra)territorial asylum in a European context, Denmark holds a certain 'status aparte'. Denmark joined the EU in 1973 after cautious consideration, having a carefully balanced approach towards European integration. The country's position can be characterized by a 'soft' form of Euroscepticism, making the decision to 'opt in' when there are considered benefits. Denmark is not part of the eurozone and negotiated several other 'opt-outs' among which the (larger part of the) common EU rules on asylum and migration. This means that they are formally not bound by the EU asylum acquis, which provides them with a unique position as EU-Member State.

In recente discussies over de geschiedenis van het neoliberalisme in Nederland is onder andere in dit tijdschrift geopperd dat dit neoliberalisme zijn wortels voor een deel zou hebben ontwikkeld in de Nederlandse sociaaldemocratie, en dat deze terug te voeren zouden zijn op het werk van Jan Tinbergen. In deze bijdrage aan het debat betogen we dat als er al neoliberale wortels te vinden zijn in de Nederlandse sociaaldemocratie, deze niet te vinden zijn bij Tinbergen, en ook niet bij den Uyl.

A 1994 conference address by United Nations civil servant Erskine Childers is reprinted. The address discusses conflict in the modern world, the role of the UN as a peace-keeping force, humanitarian relief, and the need for help from governments and non-government organizations. Adapted from the source document.

The codification of principles designed to protect cultural property was first attempted in the 19th century. Initially, the aim was to afford international protection to movable and immovable cultural property of historical, scientific or artistic importance in time of war. Only in the 20th century has it been felt necessary to protect movable cultural property in peacetime, particularly against illegal trade and theft.

COVID-19 has severely impacted population health and well-being globally. Acknowledging that COVID-19 will not be the world's last pandemic, improving healthy living factors (i.e., physical activity, healthful nutrition, healthy weight), which are important in mitigating negative outcomes of future infectious disease pandemics, should be prioritized. Although well-documented, promoting healthy living factors remains challenged by a lack of scalability and sustainability due, in part, to a mismatch between intervention focus on individual behavior change as opposed to recognizing complex and multifactorial causes that prevent people from living healthy lifestyles and maintaining them long-term (such as political will, economic benefits, urban planning, etc.). To recognize this complexity in promoting healthy living, we propose the application of systems science methods for the creation of a comprehensive causal systems map of healthy living factors in the context of COVID-19 to inform future pandemic preparedness. Generating such a map would benefit researchers, practitioners, and policy makers in multi-sector collaborative efforts to improve public health preparedness in the context of future pandemics in a scalable, sustainable, and equitable manner. This effort should be facilitated by a trusted and widely respected governing body with global reach.

COVID-19 has severely impacted population health and well-being globally. Acknowledging that COVID-19 will not be the world's last pandemic, improving healthy living factors (i.e., physical activity, healthful nutrition, healthy weight), which are important in mitigating negative outcomes of future infectious disease pandemics, should be prioritized. Although well-documented, promoting healthy living factors remains challenged by a lack of scalability and sustainability due, in part, to a mismatch between intervention focus on individual behavior change as opposed to recognizing complex and multifactorial causes that prevent people from living healthy lifestyles and maintaining them long-term (such as political will, economic benefits, urban planning, etc.). To recognize this complexity in promoting healthy living, we propose the application of systems science methods for the creation of a comprehensive causal systems map of healthy living factors in the context of COVID-19 to inform future pandemic preparedness. Generating such a map would benefit researchers, practitioners, and policy makers in multi-sector collaborative efforts to improve public health preparedness in the context of future pandemics in a scalable, sustainable, and equitable manner. This effort should be facilitated by a trusted and widely respected governing body with global reach. ; N/A