Suchergebnisse

23 p., 2 ilustraciones -- Postprint del artículo publicado en Botanical Review. Versión revisada y corregida ; Herbarium collections constitute permanent and often well-documented records of the distribution of taxa through space and time. Since their creation, their uses have dramatically expanded and with many new uses being proposed, including some for which herbaria were not initially intended for. In this paper we assess the potential of these collections on conservation biology, by providing exemplary studies that use herbarium specimens, grouped into four categories: (1) based on occurrence data, such as studies about plant extinction or introduction, or those focused on modelling their ecological niche; (2) based on the specimens themselves, such as morphological or phenological studies to evaluate the impact of climate change; (3) based in genetic data, such as phylogeographic or taxonomical studies; and (4), other applied studies. ; This research was supported by project 2014SGR00514 from the Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalan Government) and by the Proyecto Intramural Especial, PIE (grant no. 201630I024) from the CSIC (Spanish National Research Council) ; Peer reviewed

[eng] Wars and military activities have severe impacts on humans and on biodiversity, which are briefly summarized. Some side effects, although not ethically acceptable as principles, produced, however, some opportunities that have ultimately resulted in actions beneficial for plant conservation. A short review of case studies from all over the world and historical periods shows how military zones and activities can be turned on nature reserves if appropriate administrative decisions (scientifically based) are taken in the wider framework of concerted conservation with other areas of human intervention on the biosphere. ; [spa] Las guerras y las actividades militares en general tienen un gran impacto en los humanos y en la biodiversidad, que se resume aquí brevemente. Algunos efectos adversos, aunque no éticamente aceptables en principio, producen sin embargo algunas oportunidades que, en última instancia, dieron lugar a acciones beneficiosas para la conservación de las plantas. Una breve revisión de diferentes casos de estudio alrededor del mundo y en diferentes períodos históricos muestran cómo las zonas y actividades militares pueden actuar de reservas naturales si se toman las decisiones administrativas apropiadas (con base científica) en un marco más amplio de conservación coordinada con otras áreas de la intervención humana en la biosfera.

27 p., tablas, gráficos, ilustraciones -- El artículo tiene 2 apéndices comprimidos en un archivo WinRAR. -- Postprint del artículo publicado en Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Versión revisada y corregida. -- Este es un artículo distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 ES) -- ; Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ethnobotany takes into account past uses to be projected into the present and future. Most current ethnobotanical research is focused, especially in industrialised countries, on obtaining information of plant uses from elderly people. Historical ethnobotany is less cultivated, although papers have demonstrated its interest. Particularly poor, but potentially very relevant, is the attention paid to historical herbaria as a source of data on useful plants. ; Aims of the study: Bearing this in mind, we studied the herbarium of the Catalan pharmacist and naturalist Francesc Bolòs (1773–1844), which contains information on medicinal uses and folk names, with the aim of establishing a catalogue of plants and uses and tracing them through old and contemporary literature. ; Methodology: The ca. 6000 plant specimens of this herbarium were investigated to assess those including plant uses and names. These taxa have been thoroughly revised. The data have been tabulated, their biogeographic profile, possible endemic or threatened status, or invasive behaviour have been assessed, and the content regarding medicinal uses, as well as folk names, has been studied. The medicinal terms used have been interpreted as per current days' medicine. The popular names and uses have been compared with those appearing in a certain number of works published from 11th to 20th centuries in the territories covered by the herbarium and with all the data collected in 20th and 21st centuries in an extensive database on Catalan ethnobotany. ; Results: A total of 385 plant specimens (381 taxa) have been detected bearing medicinal use and folk names information. We collected data on 1107 reports of plant medicinal properties (in Latin), 32 indications of toxicity, nine reports of food use, and 123, 302 and 318 popular plant names in Catalan, Spanish and French, respectively. The most quoted systems are digestive, skin and subcutaneous tissue (plus traumatic troubles) and genitourinary. Relatively high degrees of coincidence of plant names and uses in the herbarium and the literature comparison set have been found. Of the taxa contained in this medicinal herbarium, 294 were native to the Iberian Peninsula, and 86 were alien. Neither endemic nor threatened taxa have been detected, whereas a considerable portion of the alien taxa shows invasive behaviour at present. ; Conclusions: Our analyses indicate a certain degree of consistency between the medicinal uses of plants recorded in this 18th and 19th century herbarium and the records found in the literature and in recent ethnobotanical datasets, accounting for the robustness of pharmaceutical ethnobotanical knowledge in the area considered. Data appearing on the specimen labels are numerous, pointing out the herbarium as a relevant source of ethnopharmacological information. Special attention should be paid to some original uses contained in the herbarium's labels for further investigation on plant properties and drug design. ; This research was supported by projects 2014SGR00514 from the Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalan government) and CSO2014-59704-P from the Spanish government. ; Peer reviewed

WOS: 000388472000001 ; PubMed: 27886271 ; Mountains of Anatolia are one of the main Mediterranean biodiversity hotspots and their richness in endemic species amounts for 30% of the flora. Two main factors may account for this high diversity: the complex orography and its role as refugia during past glaciations. We have investigated seven narrow endemics of Centaurea subsection Phalolepis from Anatolia by means of microsatellites and ecological niche modelling (ENM), in order to analyse genetic polymorphisms and getting insights into their speciation. Despite being narrow endemics, all the studied species show moderate to high SSR genetic diversity. Populations are genetically isolated, but exchange of genes probably occurred at glacial maxima (likely through the Anatolian mountain arches as suggested by the ENM). The lack of correlation between genetic clusters and (morpho) species is interpreted as a result of allopatric diversification on the basis of a shared gene pool. As suggested in a former study in Greece, post-glacial isolation in mountains would be the main driver of diversification in these plants; mountains of Anatolia would have acted as plant refugia, allowing the maintenance of high genetic diversity. Ancient gene flow between taxa that became sympatric during glaciations may also have contributed to the high levels of genetic diversity. ; Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e InnovacionInstituto de Salud Carlos IIISpanish Government [CGL2010/18631]; Generalitat de Catalunya [Ajuts a Grups de Recerca Consolidats]Generalitat de Catalunya [2014-SGR514-GREB] ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion [project CGL2010/18631] and Generalitat de Catalunya [Ajuts a Grups de Recerca Consolidats 2014-SGR514-GREB].

One of the topics currently under discussion in biological invasions is whether the species' climatic niche has been conserved or, alternatively, has diverged during invasions. Here, we explore niche dynamic processes using the complex invasion history model of Lilium lancifolium, which is the first tested case of a native species (Korea) with two hypothesized spatial (regional and intercontinental) and temporal arrivals: (1) as an archaeophyte in East Asia (before AD 1500); and (2) as a neophyte in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand (after AD 1500). Following a niche examination through both environmental and geographical spaces, the species in the archaeophyte range has apparently filled the ancestral native niche and, rather, would have increased it considerably. The species as a neophyte shows a closer climatic match with the archaeophyte range than with the native one. This pattern of niche similarity suggests that the neophyte range was probably colonized by a subset of archaeophyte propagules adapted to local climate that promoted the species' establishment. Overall, niche conservatism is proposed at each colonization step, from native to archaeophyte, and from archaeophyte to neophyte ranges. We detected signals of an advanced invasion stage within the archaeophyte range and traces of an early introduction stage in neophyte ranges. ; This research was supported by the Basic Science Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2017R1A2B4012215) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, the Republic of Korea to M.G.C., by the "Proyecto Intramural Especial, PIE" (Grant No. 201630I024) from the CSIC, Spain, and by the grants "Ajuts a grups de recerca consolidats" (2014SGR514 and 2017SGR116) from the Generalitat de Catalunya, government of Catalonia.

Within the genus Centaurea L., polyploidy is very common, and it is believed that, as to all angiosperms, it was key in the history of its diversification and evolution. Centaurea tentudaica is a hexaploid from subsect. Chamaecyanus of unknown origin. In this study, we examined the possible autopolyploid or allopolyploid origin using allozymes and sequences of three molecular markers: nuclear-ribosomic region ETS, and low-copy genes AGT1 and PgiC. We also included three species geographically and morphologically close to C. tentudaica: C. amblensis, C. galianoi, and C. ornata. Neighbor-Net and Bayesian analyses show a close relationship between C. amblensis and C. tentudaica and no relationship to any of the other species, which suggest that C. tentudaica is an autopolyploid of C. amblensis. Allozyme banding pattern also supports the autopolyploidy hypothesis and shows high levels of genetic diversity in the polyploid, which could suggest multiple origins by recurrent crosses of tetraploid and diploid cytotypes of C. amblensis. Environmental niche modeling was used to analyze the distribution of the possible parental species during the present, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), Last Interglacial Period (LIG), and Penultimate Glacial Maximum (PGM) environmental conditions. Supporting the molecular suggestions that C. tentudaica originated from C. amblensis, environmental niche modeling confirms that past distribution of C. amblensis overlapped with the distribution of C. tentudaica. ; This research was funded by the Catalan government ("Ajuts a grups consolidats" 2017-SGR1116). ; Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Sampling Strategy and Markers 2.2. DNA Amplification, Cloning, and Sequencing 2.3. Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Analyses 2.4. Allozyme Extraction and Analyses 2.5. Ecological Niche Modeling 3. Results 3.1. ETS Region 3.2. Low-copy Genes AGT1 and PgiC 3.3. Allozymes 3.4. Ecological Niche Modeling 4. Discussion 4.1. Relative Utility of ETS, AGT1, and PgiC in Disentangling the Origin of Centaurea tentudaica 4.2. The Origin of Centaurea tentudaica 5. Conclusions

Climate changes are top biodiversity shapers, both during the past and future. Mapping the most climatic stable and unstable zones on Earth could improve our understanding of biodiversity distribution and evolution. Here, we present a set of maps based on a global scale, high resolution (ca. 5¿km) new Climate Stability Index (CSI). The CSI considers bioclimatic variables for two different time ranges: (1) from Pliocene (3.3¿Ma) to the present (CSI-past map set), using 12 time periods of PaleoClim representing warm and cold cycles; and (2) from present to the year 2100 (CSI-future), using nine general circulation models of climate change of four periods available from WorldClim. We calculated standard deviation of the variables and selected an uncorrelated set for summing, normalizing and obtaining the CSI maps. Our approach is useful for fields such as biogeography, earth sciences, agriculture, or sociology. However, CSI is an index that can be re-calculated according to particular criteria and objectives (e.g. temperature variables); maps are, therefore, customizable to every user. ; Financial support from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (projects CGL2015-66703-P MINECO/FEDER, PID2019-105583GB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and PID2020-119163GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; and Ph.D. grant to S.H.M from project CGL2015-66703-P) and the Catalan government ("Ajuts a grups consolidats" 2017-SGR1116). This study has been performed under the Ph.D. program "Plant Biology and Biotechnology" of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). H.O. and T.M. were funded by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (JPMEERF20202002) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan. ; Abstract Background & Summary Methods Data Records Technical Validation Code availability References Acknowledgements Author information Ethics declarations Additional information Supplementary information Rights and permissions About this article