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This paper develops a formal model of worker-employer relations within capitalist firms. The results illuminate the effects of property rela tions on the organization of work, the monitoring of workers, the extent of wage hierarchies and incentives and inefficiencies in such firms. A comparison model of a workers' cooperative demonstrates that the nature of the political-economic system, not just technology or information and transaction costs, affects produc tion conditions.

An analysis of the use of political parties in class struggles in the US. Although capitalists control the government in significant ways, the workers have made important political gains in the government. These gains have been primarily made through the Democratic party. The Democratic party is primarily composed of a coalition of liberal capitalists & workers, which creates tension within the party, while the Republican party is primarily composed of moderate & conservative capitalists. The "capitalists have tried to limit the democratic aspects of the state, not only exercising significant influence within the major parties but also by making electoral politics less important in the determination of government policy." Due to capitalists' attempts to decrease the importance of the democratic process, it would appear that socialist electoral activity is useless, but just the opposite is suggested. For various reasons, including the government's intervention in economics, socialist electoral activity is important in the class struggle, & the Democratic party appears to be the vehicle for the socialist electoral activity. L. Milner.

Lange Zeit wurde Marketing in der deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft vernachlässigt. Häufig konzentrierten sich die Unternehmen lediglich darauf, ihre Vertriebspolitik zu optimieren. Marketing im Sinne einer Unternehmensphilosophie, bei der alle betrieblichen Bereiche auf den Markt und seine Anforderungen ausgerichtet werden, erfährt nun auch in Versicherungsunternehmen eine schnell wachsende Bedeutung. Dieses Handbuch trägt der Entwicklung Rechnung. In seinem Aufbau orientiert es sich am Dienstleistungsmarketing. Die Übertragung von Erkenntnissen aus allgemeinem und Dienstleistungsmarketing auf das Marketing von Versicherungsunternehmen ist in der Praxis allerdings mit großen Herausforderungen verbunden, da die wesentlichen Merkmale des Versicherungsgeschäftes berücksichtigt werden müssen. Das Handbuch Versicherungsmarketing unterstützt den Leser in dieser Aufgabenstellung durch wissenschaftliche und praktische Anleitung und einen hoch aktuellen, breit fundierten Erfahrungsschatz.

For this insightful collection, Professor Reich has selected some of the most significant published articles on labor mobility and segmented markets. The book investigates the development of this important field from the pioneering papers on labor market segmentation analysis of the 1970s, through the early debates to the later theoretical models and econometric evidence. The second volume offers an overview of the evolution from segmentation to flexibility in labor markets up to the present day and explores topics such as the growth of temporary jobs in Europe, the influence of gender, immigration and race, later econometric controversies and the phenomenon of flexicurity. The volumes will be an essential resource for students and for scholars wishing to investigate this important area

This article reviews the significant changes India has achieved in environmental policy in the pool 10 years, especially in terms of regulatory procedures and organizational structure. Despite these changes, however, environmental quality has continued to deteriorate, largely because a wide gap persists between the intent of policy and the actual achievement and because major problems have eluded serious attention. The paper analyzes major problems in the implementation of Indian environmental policy, with particular attention to policy design, policy analysis, and standard setting. Political problems are identified that underlie difficulties in policy formulation and implemetation, and strategies to improve implemetation are proposed.

"The third quarter of the twentieth century was a golden age for labor in the advanced industrial countries, characterized by rising incomes, relatively egalitarian wage structures, and reasonable levels of job security. The subsequent quarter-century has seen less positive performance along a number of these dimensions. This period has instead been marked by rapid globalization of economic activity that has brought increased insecurity to workers. The contributors to this volume, prominent scholars from the United States, Europe, and Japan, distinguish four explanations for this historic shift. These include 1) rapid development of new technologies; 2) global competition for both business and labor; 3) deregulation of industry with more reliance on markets; and 4) increased immigration of workers, especially unskilled workers, from developing countries. In addition to analyzing the causes of these trends, the contributors also investigate important consequences, ranging from changes in collective bargaining and employment relations to family formation decisions and incarceration policy"--Provided by publisher

In September of 2013, California Governor Jerry Brown signed Assembly Bill 10 into law. AB10 increases California's minimum wage—which has stood at $8 per hour since 2008—to $9 on July 1, 2014, and to $10 on January 1, 2016. Some policymakers regard the modest increase provided by AB10 and the absence of annual adjustments for price increases as insufficient for the wellbeing of the Golden State's lowest-paid workers. Indeed, for the first time in the state's history a new minimum wage proposal—Senate Bill 935 sponsored by Senator Mark Leno—has been introduced in the legislature before the implementation of the already-legislated minimum wage increase (AB10). Senator Leno's bill would increase California's wage floor in several steps to reach $13 in January 2017, and annual cost of living adjustments would begin in 2018.California is not alone in implementing or considering minimum wage increases this year. Thus far in 2014 thirty eight states have considered minimum wage bills and eight states and Washington, DC have enacted new increases (NCSL 2014). Some states and cities have already enacted minimum wage standards that exceed $10. A number of California cities are currently contemplating citywide increases: $15 in San Francisco, $13 in Richmond, $12.53 in Berkeley, $12.50 in Oakland, and $11.50 in San Diego.While minimum wages of $10 to $15 are appearing for the first time in the U.S., when adjusted for inflation or compared to median wages they are not outside of previous experience (Dube 2014). The $10 minimum wage of AB10 represents just under 50 percent of the median full-time wage in California— less than the 55 percent ratio that held in the U.S. as a whole in the late 1960s, and about the same percentage as in European countries with a statutory minimum wage today. A fully implemented SB935 would be only modestly higher than the federal minimum wage in 1968. Its ratio to the median wage would be 58 percent, less than the ratio in many U.S. states in the 1960s and well below the equivalent percentage in the Nordic countries today. Nonetheless, it is important to ask: What are the implications of such double-digit minimum wages in California today?In this report we compare the effects of $10 (AB10) and $13 (SB935) minimum wage levels in California. We show that AB10 restores some of the ground lost by low-paid workers in recent years, but it maintains the inflation-adjusted minimum wage at about the same level as in 1988. The Leno bill, SB935, goes much further, raising the real minimum wage to just above the peak value obtained in 1968. Between 2014 and 2017, the aggregate increase in earnings accrued by affected workers will total about $8.2 billion for the $10 minimum wage bill and $22.5 billion for the $13 minimum wage proposal. We also analyze the effects of each minimum wage scenario on California's businesses and on California's state budget.We find that California's businesses are likely to absorb the increased labor costs of either minimum wage largely with offsets from increased worker productivity, from declines in recruitment and retention costs, and with small price increases in the restaurant industry (the industry most affected by minimum wage increases).Unlike previous minimum wage impact studies, we pay particular attention to the effects of each minimum wage proposal on the state's budget. Increased wage income will generate substantial income andsales tax revenue for California during 2014-17: approximately $444 million under AB10 and $2.62 billion under SB935. On the spending side, Medi-Cal costs will fall by about $562 million under AB10 and $1.54 billion under SB935, while increased wage costs for state-supported home care workers and developmentally disabled service workers will total about $400 million (AB10) and $2.04 billion (SB935). Increased revenues less increased outlays will total about $585 million (AB10) and $2.15 billion (SB935).The report proceeds as follows. In Section 1 we document trends in the distribution of wages in California since 1979, present the history of the state's minimum wage, and illustrate its importance to the state's lowest-paid workers. In Section 2 we discuss the effects of AB10 and the proposed SB935 on workers in the state, and analyze each proposal's impact by demographic group and family status. Section 3 examines the cost impacts on businesses and discusses how businesses are likely to absorb these costs. Section 4 discusses how each of the two minimum wage paths will affect the state's economy and the state's budget. Here we address state tax revenue increases, savings in state Medicaid costs, and increased wage costs to California for developmentally disabled and in-home care support service workers. Section 5 concludes.