Suchergebnisse

We debate whether intellectual property (IP) protection of medical products and devices required to prevent, treat and contain COVID-19 should be waived, as proposed by South Africa and India, under the World Trade Organization (WTO)'s Agreement on Trade-related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). We discuss existing public policy mechanisms under the TRIPS Agreement and how these have been implemented at national level in Africa, and find that these have proven inadequate and that they have been sub-optimally implemented. We then consider the TRIPS Waiver proposal which has been tabled due to the inadequacy of existing mechanisms and outline the EU's counter proposal which is founded on existing mechanisms. Both proposals have served at multiple WTO council meetings and would have been the subject of the 2021 WTO Ministerial Conference, which was postponed and is now set to be held in June 2022. Meanwhile, the proposal has been the subject of negotiations between India, South Africa, the EU and the USA ('the quad') and, as of May 2022, has been opened for consideration by all Members. Whatever the outcome of WTO deliberations, African states must take necessary national IP regulatory reforms and cooperate at sub-regional and continental level to improve access to medical products and devices to meet their citizenry's healthcare needs. Significance: There is need for a sustainable and comprehensive intellectual property framework that is responsive to health emergencies. Existing public policy mechanisms have not proven effective. Adaptation and innovation are required at the international norm-setting level as evidenced by the two in-progress proposals for a TRIPS Agreement waiver and for an International Treaty on Pandemics. Both are contested and may only actualise in the medium to long term. In the context of such uncertainty and delay, timely action should be taken at national level, through legislative reform coupled with necessary manufacturing capacity, which will be boosted by ...

Las organizaciones cooperativas forman un sector cada vez más visible y relevante, cuyo fin afianza la política de ofrecer respuesta a necesidades concretas de bienestar de las personas, colectividades y de la sociedad en general. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto resaltar la importancia que representa la auditoría social en las organizaciones del sector cooperativo, como respuesta derivada de diligentes prácticas de gobernabilidad y prácticas de buen gobierno; para ello, se tomaron 7 cooperativas especializadas de ahorro y crédito definidas por la legislación colombiana como una asociación autónoma de personas que se han unido voluntariamente para hacer frente a sus insuficiencias y aspiraciones económicas, sociales y culturales. Los hallazgos enseñan que la auditoría, cuando es administrada cabalmente, forja el cumplimiento de los objetivos estratégicos en materia social, esto es, utilizar los recursos de los fondos de destino específico en actividades propias de los mismos, tales como educación formal, salud, auxilios funerarios y otras actividades para el bienestar del asociado; actividades debidamente aprobadas por el órgano competente, reveladas en sus informes de gestión e información financiera. Como conclusión, la gobernabilidad de las cooperativas estudiadas sustenta su andamiaje en el acierto de la elección de los miembros de los comités de auditoría, quienes ejercen un efectivo control sobre los recursos con asignación específica. ; Cooperative organizations form an increasingly visible and relevant sector, whose purpose strengthens the policy of providing a response to specific welfare needs of individuals, communities and society in general. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of social auditing in cooperative sector organizations, as a response derived from diligent governance practices; to this end, seven specialized saving and credit cooperatives defined by Colombian legislation as an autonomous association of persons who have voluntarily joined together to address their economic, social and cultural insufficiencies and aspirations were taken. The findings show that auditing when fully administered, forges the fulfilment of strategic social objectives, i.e. to use the resources of the specific earmarked funds in their own activities, such as formal education, health, funeral aid and other partner welfare activities; duly approved by the competent body, disclosed in its management reports and financial information. As a conclusion, the governance of the cooperatives studied underpins their scaffolding on the success of the choice of the members of the audit committees, who exercise effective control over the resources with specific allocation.

Objetivo: Identificar estudos na temática de competências operacionais e Indústria 4.0 entre os anos de 2011 até 2019.Método: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura dentre o período mencionado e utilizando a base de dados Web of Science.Originalidade/Relevância: Ressalta-se que estudos na área da Indústria 4.0 e Competências Operacionais são recentes e requerem atenção e pesquisas, dessa forma, este trabalho contribui para abertura de novas perspectivas a fim de aprofundar estudos nessa temática.Resultados: Os resultados apontam que, a partir da revisão sistemática da literatura, as principais Competências Operacionais identificadas na Indústria 4.0 são: Flexibilidade e Adaptabilidade, Aprendizagem Contínua, Inovação/Criatividade e Iniciativa/Disposição, Resiliência, Liderança, Trabalho em equipe, Comunicação, Negociação, Pensamento sistêmico, Planejamento, Resolução de problemas, Tomada de decisão e Autonomia.Contribuições teóricas: A principal contribuição teórica do estudo realizado é a identificação das Competências Operacionais identificadas na literatura sobre Indústria 4.0. Sendo assim, esse estudo abre espaço para novas perspectivas e aprofundamento nessa temática.

Purpose
This paper aims to analyze some knowledge management (KM) frameworks that sustainable development goals (SDGs) can apply to such a challenging implementation.


Design/methodology/approach
To accomplish this, a systematic scientific literature review was carried out about the KM concept. Searching, analyzing and collecting different KM frameworks were crossed and compared to achieve a standard KM framework list, based on the most important and relevant information collected.


Findings
The study outlines how and which KM frameworks may be applied in an effort to reach the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and SDGs, so it can overcome the barriers and pitfalls related to the knowledge management use.


Research limitations/implications
The paper shows some SDG areas that deserve future attention and deep implementation with KM frameworks.


Originality/value
With the enormous potential and vision of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), there is a barrier in its progress and development: the knowledge use, in both the local knowledge aspects and general knowledge management. This paper creates a Knowledge Management Excellence Model (KMEM) linked to SDGs, which will help and promote its use to educate and involve all those interested in meeting these goals.