Suchergebnisse

AbstractAfter overcoming the Coronavirus Pandemic with massive spending programs and the possibility of running a deficit at the EU level, a minimal Federal European Constitution is proposed, to provide a legal and democratic base for the European Union. Six basic elements of a future European federal constitution are developed: the European Commission should be turned into a European government and the European legislation should consist of a two-chamber system with full responsibility over all federal matters. Three further key elements are the subsidiarity principle, federalism and direct democracy, which would provide the possibility for European voters to participate actively in political decision making, to break political and interest group cartels, and to prevent unwanted shifting of responsibilities from EU member states to the European federal level.

AbstractConsidering the development of the shadow economy of 36 European and OECD countries over the period from 2003 to 2022 and the effect of the Coronavirus pandemic from 2020 onwards, the average size of the shadow economy of 36 European and OECD countries decreased from 16.48% of GDP in 2020 to 16.07% in 2021 (a decline of 0.41 percentage points). Due to a continued (forecasted) economic recovery in 2022, the average shadow economy of these 36 countries will slightly increase to 15.96% of GDP (average of all 36 countries): a very modest reduction of 0.11 percentage points.

After overcoming the Coronavirus Pandemic with massive spending programs and the possibility of running a deficit at the EU level, a minimal Federal European Constitution is proposed, to provide a legal and democratic base for the European Union. Six basic elements of a future European federal constitution are developed: the European Commission should be turned into a European government and the European legislation should consist of a two-chamber system with full responsibility over all federal matters. Three further key elements are the subsidiarity principle, federalism and direct democracy, which would provide the possibility for European voters to participate actively in political decision making, to break political and interest group cartels, and to prevent unwanted shifting of responsibilities from EU member states to the European federal level.

En este artículo se presentan los resultados empíricos obtenidos acerca de tamaño de la economía sumergida en 15 países de la OCDE a partir del enfoque de la demanda de dinero. Los datos muestran un fuerte incremento en el tamaño de la economía sumergida a lo largo del periodo 1970-1990. Además para este último año, en 11 de los países analizados el peso de dicha economía es superior al 10% del PNB. Se ofrece asimismo un detallado análisis sobre la influencia de una serie de factores (carga fiscal directa e indirecta y regulación pública) en la economía sumergida. ; The latest empirical results of the size of the shadow economy in 15 OECD countries are presented, using the currency demand approach to calculate the shadow economy over time. The results indicate a strong increase in the size of the shadow economy, over the period 1970 to 1990 and for 11 of the 15 investigated OECD-countries the size of the shadow economy is more than 10% of the GNP for the year 1990. Also a detailed analysis is given about the influences of major causes (direct and indirect tax burden and government regulation) on the shadow economy.