Suchergebnisse

'Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt ein allgemeines psychologisches Modell vor, das die kognitiven Prozesse spezifiziert, die zur Entstehung von Assimiliations- und Kontrasteffekten in der Urteilsbildung führen... Dieses Modell nutzt neuere kognitionspsychologische Überlegungen zur dynamischen Wissensrepräsentation und beansprucht als allgemeines Urteilsmodell Geltung in einer Vielzahl von Inhaltsbereichen... Im Bereich der Umfrageforschung erlaubt das Modell unter anderem die Vorhersage des Auftretens, der Größe, der Richtung und der Generalisierung von Fragereihenfolgeeffekten in Umfragen. Dieser Anwendungsbereich ist Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags.' (psz)

The influence of response alternatives (RAs) in behavior questionnaires on the obtained results is examined. It is suggested that respondents (Rs) actively use RAs as an information source, & suppose that average behavior is reflected in the middle-range response options, while options situated at the extremes of a provided list reflect uncommon behavior. As bias source, RAs affect (1) Rs' behavioral report, (2) comparative judgments, & (3) Rs' understanding of the question. The use of open-answer formats in behavioral self-report surveys is recommended. 33 References. Adapted from the source document.

Business is the language of numbers, but not everyone in businesses understands how to read the myriad of financial statements that are necessary. Author Norb Schwarz provides readers with accessible information to understanding financial statements such as annual reports, cash flow statements, income statements, balance sheets and so much more.

This volume on intraindividual processes is one of a set of four handbooks in the social psychology field and covers social cognition, attitudes, and attribution theory. Includes contributions by academics and other experts from around the world to ensure a truly international perspective. Provides a comprehensive overview of classic and current research and likely future trends. Fully referenced chapters and bibliographies allow easy access to further study.Now available in full text online via xreferplus, the award-winning reference library on the web from xrefer. For more information, visit

Contents: Norbert Schwarz, Seymour Sudman: Introduction and overview (1-8); Part I. Perspectives on retrospective reports – William F. Brewer: Autobiographical memory and survey research (11-20); Douglas J. Herrmann: The validity of retrospective reports as a function of the directness of retrieval processes (21-38); Kurt W. Back: Accuracy, truth, and meaning in autobiographical reports (39-54); Michael Ross, Roger Buehler: On authenticating and using personal recollections (55-70); Mahzarin R. Banaji, Curtis: Affect and memory in retrospective reports (71-86). Part II. Retrospective reports of behaviors - Peter Salovey, William J. Sieber, Jared B. Jobe, Gordon B. Willis: The recall of physical pain (89-106); Barbara Means, Gary E. Swan, Jared B. Jobe, James L. Esposito: The effects of estimation strategies on the accuracy of respondents' reports of cigarette smoking (107-120); Albert F. Smith, Jared B. Jobe: Validity of reports of long-term dietary memories: data and a model (121-140); Nora Cate Schaeffer: Errors of experience: response errors in reports about child
support and their implications for questionnaire design (141-160); Geeta Menon: Judgments of behavorial frequencies: memory search and retrieval strategies (161-172); Edward Blair, Kathleen Williamson: On providing population data to improve respondents' estimates of autobiographical frequencies (173-186); Norbert Schwarz, Hans-J. Hippler, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann: Retrospective reports: the impact of response formats (187-199). Part III. Event dating and time estimation - Norman M. Bradburn, Janellen Huttenlocher, Larry Hedges: Telescoping and temporal memory (203-216); John J. Skowronski, Andrew L. Betz, Charles P. Thompson, W. Richard Walker, Laura Shannon: The impact of differing memory domains on event-dating processes in self and proxy reports (217-231). Part IV. Comparisons of self and proxy reports - David J. Mingay, Steven K. Shevell, Norman M. Bradburn, Carl Ramirez: Self and proxy reports of everyday events (235-250); Seymour Sudman, Barbara Bickart, Johnny Blair, Geeta: The effect of participation level on reports of behavior and attitudes by proxy reporters (251-266); Diane Holmberg, John G. Holmes: Reconstruction of relationship memories: a mental models approach (267-289). Part V. Memories of the past and judgment of personal and social change - Leslie F. Clark, James E. Collins II, Susan M. Henry: Biasing effects of retrospective reports on current self-assessments (291-304); Karl-Heinz Reuband: Reconstructing social change through retrospective questions: methodological problems and prospects (305-312); Howard Schuman, Cheryl Rieger, Vladas Gaidys: Collective memories in the United States and Lithuania (313-333).

Contents: Part 1. Introduction and historical overview – Norbert Schwarz, Seymour Sudman: Introduction (3-4); Howard Schuman: Context effects: state of the past/ state of the art (5-20). Part II. Question-order effects in surveys – Fritz Strack: "Order effects" in survey research: activation and information functions of preceding questions (23-34); Roger Tourangeau: Context effects on responses to attitude questions: attitudes as memory structures (35-48); Jack M. Feldman: Constructive processes as a source of context effects in survey research: explorations in self-generated validity (49-62); Barbara A. Bickart: Question-order effects and brand evaluations: the moderating role of consumer knowledge (63-80); Leonard L. Martin, Thomas F. Harlow: Basking and brooding: the motivating effects of filter questions in surveys (81-96); Dancker D.L. Daamen, Steven E. de Bie: Serial context effects in survey interviews (97-114); John Tarnai, Don A. Dillman: Questionnaire context as a source of response differences in mail and telephone surveys (115-130); Jaak B. Billiet, Lina Waterplas, Geert Loosveldt: Context effects as substantive data in social surveys (131-148); George F. Bishop: Qualitative analysis of question-order and context effects: the use of think-aloud responses (149-162); Tom W. Smith: Thoughts on the nature of context effects (163-184). Part III. Response-order effects in surveys - Norbert Schwarz, Hans J. Hippler, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann: A cognitive model of response-order effects in survey measurement (187-202); Jon A. Krosnick: The impact of cognitive sophistication and attitude importance on response-order and question-order effects (203-218). Part IV. Order effects in psychological testing - Eric S. Knowles, Michelle C. Coker, Deborah A. Cook, Steven R. Diercks, Mary E. Irwin, Edward J. Lundeen, John W. Neville, Mark E. Sibicky: Order effects within personality measures (221-236); Gerald R. Salancik, Julianne F. Brand: Context influences on the meaning of work (237-248); Abigail T. Panter, Jeffrey S. Tanaka, Tracy R. Wellens: The psychometrics of order effects (249-264). Part V. Social judgment – Galen V. Bodenhausen: Information-processing functions of generic knowledge structures and their role in context effects in social judgment (267-278); Linda M. Maxey, Anthony J. Sanford: Context effects and the communicative functions of quantifiers: implications for their use in attitude research (279-296); Thomas M. Ostrom, Andrew L. Betz, John J. Skowronski: Cognitive representation of bipolar survey items (297-311). Part VI. Summary - Norman M. Bradburn: What have we learned? (315-323).

In 2017, media coverage of the #MeToo movement brought attention to the pervasive problem of sexual harassment against women, highlighting several prominent American cases including Harvey Weinstein, Bill Cosby, and Donald Trump. In survey experiments with nationally representative samples in the United States (N = 2,843), the Netherlands (N = 3,770), and Germany (N = 2,357), we tested how thinking about the American cases influences public opinion towards the issue across countries. As predicted, being reminded of the Weinstein, Cosby, and Trump cases increased the evaluation that sexual harassment is a serious problem in the United States. We further tested how thinking about the U.S. cases influences participants' evaluations of sexual harassment in European countries: Does it pale by comparison to the prominent U.S. cases, or do the cases increase the assessment that harassment is a problem everywhere? All samples evaluated sexual harassment in the European countries as a more serious issue when the U.S. cases were brought to mind, which is compatible with the assumption that sexual harassment is seen as a global gender issue rather than a country‐specific issue. These results provide experimental evidence that attention‐grabbing cases can shift evaluations of a policy issue within and across countries.

Zusammenfassung: Der vorliegende Artikels würdigt die Arbeiten von Daniel Kahneman und behandelt die Bedeutung der Verleihung des Nobelpreises für die Psychologie. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird der Stellenwert psychologischer Erkenntnis in den Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften diskutiert. Gleichzeitig werden Positionen innerhalb der Psychologie kritisiert, welche die wissenschaftliche Anerkennung des Fachs durch eine stärkere Fragmentierung befördern wollen. Im Gegensatz dazu wird der Nobelpreis für eine eher sozialwissenschaftlich-kognitive Ausrichtung der Psychologie als Beleg dafür gesehen, dass ihre Anerkennung durch Nachbarwissenschaften nur im Rahmen der Eigenständigkeit im Spektrum zwischen Bio- und Sozialwissenschaften erreicht werden kann.