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Drawing upon extensive fieldwork in two contrasting English maximum security prisons, the authors systematically compare their institutional order, including the differing control strategies deployed in each, as seen by both custodians and captives, controllers and controlled.

Professor Sir Anthony Bottoms is unique in British criminology. He has achieved mastery of all the disciplines which rightly require attention if criminological questions are to be adequately addressed, including law, social science, social theory, moral philosophy, and matters of 'administrative criminology': from uses of the fine, to the origins and functions of the probation service. He was, of course, once a probation officer. This is one of the keys to his outstanding contribution to our field. He combines an unusually broad range of intellectual interests, with a steadfast dedication to 'the person' living a troubled life (in a specific place). He has conducted outstanding empirical research in each of these areas, addressing each subject in a way that generates clear and original theoretical and normative analysis. This volume pays tribute to Tony and his work. It is a collection of specially commissioned original essays, organised around his key interests. They are written by friends and colleagues, many of whom are key criminologists in their own right. Each honours Tony's contribution to the field and to his scholarship in the fields of crime, justice, and social order.

Despite its increasing visibility as a social issue, mass incarceration - and its inconsistency with core democratic ideals - rarely surfaces in contemporary political theory. Democratic Theory and Mass Incarceration seeks to overcome this puzzling disconnect by deepening the dialogue between democratic theory and punishment policy.

1. Introduction. Criminal Questions: Cultural Embeddedness and Diffusion -- Dario Melossi, Máximo Sozzo and Richard Sparks -- Part I. Cultural Embeddedness of Punishment -- 2. Concepts of Culture in the Sociology of Punishment -- David Garland -- 3. Neoliberalism's Elective Affinities: Penality, Political Economy and International Relations -- Dario Melossi -- 4. Theorising the Embeddedness of Punishment -- David Nelken -- Part II. Diffusion of Post-Fordist Penality -- 5. State Form, Labour Market and Penal System: the New Punitive Rationality in context -- Iñaki Rivera Beiras -- 6. Post-Fordism and Penal Change: The New Penology as a Post-Disciplinary Social Control Strategy -- Alessandro De Giorgi -- Part III. Travels of Discourses of Criminology and Crime Prevention -- 7. Lombroso's 'La Donna Delinquente': Its Strange Journeys in Italy, England and the USA, Including Scenes of Mutilation and Salvation -- Nicole Rafter -- 8. The Governance of Crime in Italy: Global Tendencies and Local Peculiarities -- Rossella Selmini -- 9. Cultural Travels and Crime Prevention in Argentina -- Máximo Sozzo

Theoretical work in the sociology of punishment (especially since Garland's influential introduction of the notion of penal `sensibilities') increasingly recognizes the importance of the cultural aspects of the topic. Yet surprisingly little examination exists of how penal questions actually figure in people's everyday consciousness or conversations. We address penal culture from the perspective of conversation. Specifically, we discuss a number of conversations that we have had with 9-year old children. By considering the dynamic aspects of these conversations we seek (a) to demonstrate one method for investigating sensibilities-in-action and (b) to indicate some ways in which the terms of penal culture are mobilized, assimilated or subverted among children. Such analysis discloses a quite high degree of ambiguity and semantic density in ordinary language discussions of punishing. We exemplify this inter alia by indicating the varying uses of the expression `teach someone a lesson'. The children's dominant idea of the `lesson' suggests that punishment is an intractable problem, and that people are not particularly tractable to its corrective or suasive force. On the other hand the `lesson' can also suggest communication of a different kind with more radical and hopeful implications.

This paper draws on a study of the ways in which the moral and practical dilemmas of punishment are debated and deliberated upon in discussions among nine year old children (with adult facilitators). Theoretically, we are concerned with the points of connection between the social study of childhood and the analysis of punishment as an arena of discourse and practice; and methodologically we address this topic from the perspective of conversation. Here we focus on one aspect of the children's talk, namely the mobilisation of themes and images that seem to have their origin in the more or less remote past. We argue that a contextual and nuanced exploration of the historicity of such 'punishment talk' can help in disclosing how punishment 'works' as a theme in politics and culture—history offers a resource of precedents and examples that children find good to think with. We suggest a particular association between this historical imagination (and the often physically forceful measures that it invokes) and times of crisis or emergency. This is apparent, for example, when discussion turns to the persistence of the death penalty in the United States. We conclude with some brief remarks on the significance of involving children in such deliberations for the development of alternative (or 'replacement') penal politics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The first social history of Scottish policing since 1900Geographical coverage of both rural and urban areas (including the Highlands and Islands as well as the Glasgow conurbation)Focuses on social identities and the dynamics shaping police-community relationships across timeContextualises Scottish experience in relation to broader comparative frameworksIncludes much content not previously covered from a Scottish perspectiveThe first UK study to compare the practices, cultures and repertoires of uniform policing in urban and rural areas in the 1940s-70sThis book examines the relationships forged between police officers and the diverse urban and rural communities in which they have lived and worked in Scotland across the 20th century, demonstrating patterns that were diverse and variegated. It considers both the formal rhetoric (and sets of structures) that defined and prescribed the policing ideal as well as the experience of policing from a range of grassroots' perspectives. Drawing on a wealth of archival materials, oral history interviews, and memoirs, as well as previously unused primary sources, the author identifies and explains the factors that led to not only co-operation, consensus and the building of trust, but also points of tension and conflict across a century of social, political and technological change