Suchergebnisse

AbstractAccording to the Maastricht Treaty, a country seeking to join the European Monetary Union cannot have an inflation rate in excess of 1.5 per cent plus the average inflation rates in the three 'best performing' EU countries. This inflation reference value is a non‐increasing function of the number of EU members. A counterfactual analysis of historical data shows that the effect of enlarging the EU from 15 to 27 countries was sizeable in 2002–04 and again from 2007. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that the enlargement of the EU from 15 to 27 members reduces the inflation reference value by 0.15–0.2 percentage points on average, but there is a considerable probability of a larger reduction at any given moment of time. The treatment of countries with negative inflation rates in the calculation of the reference value has a major impact on the results.

PurposeThe Great Leveraging was an episode of rapid credit growth and booming housing markets leading up to the global financial crisis. It is important to identify the key drivers of the Great Leveraging and, to this end, the purpose of this paper is to model the relationship between domestic credit and net foreign liabilities in the EU countries most affected by the crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe analyses show that domestic credit and net foreign liabilities were cointegrated one-to-one for Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain, while there was no cointegration for Ireland. Estimation of vector error correction models (VECMs) shows that the adjustment to deviations from the cointegrating relationship took place through changes in domestic credit for Greece and Italy, while the adjustment was bidirectional for Spain and maybe also for Portugal.FindingsThese results suggest that external factors in the form of foreign capital inflows were important drivers of the pre-crisis leveraging in the southern crisis countries, although to varying degrees across the countries.Originality/valueKey novelties include the use of stock variables instead of flow variables and the estimation of VECMs for the countries individually instead of in a panel.

Various national studies have used the expenditure method (Pissarides and Weber in J Public Econ 39(1):17–32, 1989) to estimate income underreporting by the self-employed relative to the wage earners. Within Europe, the studies mostly consider the UK or individual Nordic countries, while no data are available for most Southern European and Eastern European countries. This paper is the first to apply the expenditure method to a large number of EU countries using harmonised microdata and a common model specification to enhance cross-country comparability. We extend the number of countries studied using the expenditure method and contribute to the scarce comparative literature on tax non-compliance in general. Our estimates show substantial variation in income underreporting across countries, from under 10% to more than 40% of self-employed household income on average. The shares of underreporting do not appear to be related to the development level of the countries.

Chapter 1. The relationship between ethnic diversity and stock market development: A global perspective -- Chapter 2. Does Withholding Tax Reduce International Income-Shifting by FDI? -- Chapter 3. The relationship between trading volume and returns volatility on Warsaw Stock Exchange -- Chapter 4. Factors influencing individual investor participation in stock market -- Chapter 5. Model Risk of VaR and ES using Monte Carlo: Study on Financial Institutions from Paris and Frankfurt Stock Exchanges -- Chapter 6. Tick Size Reduction and Liquidity Dimensions – Evidence from an Emerging Market -- Chapter 7. Cryptocurrency portfolio construction using machine learning models -- Chapter 8. Development factors of blockchain technology within banking sector -- Chapter 9. Does competition matter for the effects of macroprudential policy on bank asset growth? -- Chapter 10. Systemic risk in selected countries of Western and Central Europe -- Chapter 11. Industry and Size Effect in the Relation between Corporate Material and Financial Decisions: Findings from the EU Countries -- Chapter 12. Technology level and financial constraints of public listed companies -- Chapter 13. Differences in use of credit products between the old and new member states of the European Union -- Chapter 14. Diversified risky financial assets in portfolios of risk-averse households – what determines their occurrence? -- Chapter 15. Financial Behavior: Preliminary Survey Results.