Suchergebnisse

Abstract
The successful adoption of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations is hailed as the 'landmark of the highest significance in the codification of international law'. It represented the first significant codification of any international instrument since the United Nations was established. However, despite the codification of the above rules, which is largely based on the pre-existing customary international law, the scope of diplomatic protection was not free from issues and controversies. In recent times, unfortunately, there is a growing tendency amongst the diplomats to abuse their diplomatic status to commit acts prohibited by law and still claim immunity from legal process. The States-parties also aggravate this situation by selectively interpreting the rules in their favor, ignoring the fact that reciprocity is the basis for the successful functioning of the diplomatic protection. In this connection, this paper addresses the problem of abuse of immunities and privileges and its adverse implications on the balance between immunities and the duty to respect the local laws and regulations, especially with special reference to the recent Indian experience. It explores the two recent Indian diplomatic confrontations, namely, the arrest of Devyani Khobragade and the travel ban on Daniele Mancini. Based on the study, it highlights the need for a well-balanced and equitable enforcement of the Vienna Conventions in the interest of maintenance of cordial diplomatic relations in the international community.

1. Energy Policy, Planning and Management -- 2. Conventional Energy Systems -- 3. New Perspectives of Renewable Energy -- 4. Fuel Cell Science and Technology -- 5. Nanomaterials and Applications -- 6. Biofuels -- 7. Air Pollution and Control -- 8. Wastewater Treatment Techniques -- 9. Solid Waste Management -- 10. Biosensors and Biodevices

AbstractThis paper proposes a measure of 'equitability of taxation', in the context of progressivity and the income tax. By postulating specifications of 'extreme equitability' and 'extreme inequitability' of a tax system, the paper advances a measure of tax equitability as the normalised area distance of a 'tax concentration curve' from its most inequitable version. The measure is derived, and a procedure is outlined for the decomposition of differences in the measure across regimes into a 'distribution effect' and a 'tax system' effect. A criterion is established for asserting 'unambiguously greater equitability' in comparisons across regimes, in terms of a dominance relation akin to the Lorenz quasi‐ordering. The measure is illustrated with the help of numerical examples.

ABSTRACTAlleviating poverty, mitigating inequality and achieving growth are all acknowledged goals of development, whatever the degree of success with which these goals might have been addressed in various economies of the world. Apart from questions of resolve and genuine commitment, what makes it hard to engage with these goals is that the pursuit of any one of them does not necessarily secure the ends of either or both of the other two. Such engagement requires a measure of conceptual clarity, an identification of normative priorities, and the deployment of carefully crafted policies that accommodate trade‐offs among competing goals. In particular, policies such as the single‐minded pursuit of growth as a panacea for all the difficulties of development appear to be misguided, and based on a faulty application of deductive reasoning to past experience. These issues are addressed here by attending to some elementary arithmetic revolving around the measurement of money‐metric poverty and inequality, and the decomposition of poverty changes into effects attributable to growth and distributional changes.

ABSTRACTThe archetypal population‐relative measure of poverty is the Headcount Ratio, while the archetypal population‐absolute measure is the Aggregate Headcount. The overwhelming emphasis in the poverty measurement literature has been on population‐relative measures. The value‐basis for this preference has been seldom submitted to serious scrutiny, with the result that absolute and intermediate measures have generally been subjected to relative neglect. There would appear to be a strong case for the employment of indices which are intermediate between relative and absolute measures, and which avoid the extreme values underlying both. The present note, building on earlier work by scholars such as Arriaga, Krtscha, Del Rio, Alonso‐Villar, Mukherjee, Zheng and Zoli, aims to advance the cause of a workable and plausible population‐intermediate headcount index of poverty.

The main objective of the paper is to provide a risk free journey for the vehicle drivers and also to the pedestrians by controlling the speed of the vehicles using radio frequency signal. To be more lucid, this paper is mainly built in order to prevent the people from breaking government laws and rules by forcing the vehicle to drive in the specified speed. This paper combines the concept of Wireless networking and Instrumentation Control engineering. Radio frequencies are used in order ensure that all vehicles are controlled using this method. Microcontrollers are used for comparing the set point and the actual speed of the motor. The sign boards acts as a radio frequency transmitter and the Vehicle acts as the receiver. The set point (accumulator) is assigned to the microcontroller which is placed inside the vehicle and the current speed of the vehicle is assigned as actual value (base register)to the microcontroller. The logic of this program is that if the current value exceeds the set point, then the speed of the vehicle is automatically controlled with the help of motor driver. A liquid crystal display is used in order to display the number of rotation of the motor before and after receiving the Radio frequency. Instead of coding every sign board to emit a particular radio frequency signal, a server is placed which sends the radio frequency to the sign boards. Thus the sign board acts both as transmitter and receiver. The server is coded in such a way that it is capable of broadcasting radio frequency at a particular frequency.Â