Suchergebnisse

Most countries adopt policies in order to attract foreign multinationals, stimulate industrial clustering and to foster innovation. This book links these topical issues. It examines the activities of multinational enterprises, their contribution to cluster development, how they stimulate linkages with domestic firms and contribute to innovation. The efficiency, appropriateness and sufficiency of these policies is discussed, and practical proposals made throughout the volume. New empirical evidence is provided on a variety of industries and country contexts. ANA TERESA TAVARES is Assistant Professor at the University of Porto (CEMPRE, Faculty of Economics), Portugal. She has been a Visiting Professor in several international universities. Her areas of specialization include multinational subsidiaries' strategies and evolution, the impact of multinationals on host economies, and FDI-related policies. She has published widely on these topics in international journals and books, and has been a consultant to various institutions on regional development and on FDI policy. AURORA TEIXEIRA is Assistant Professor at the University of Porto (CEMPRE, Faculty of Economics), Portugal. Her areas of interest include innovation policy, human capital and growth-related policies. She has published on these topics in international journals and has a prize winning book on the role of human capital and innovation on Portuguese long-term economic growth.

Entrepreneurs are critical for countries' industrial dynamics and economic growth. Although there are several studies focusing on the attitudes, cognitions and traits of entrepreneurs, only a few have explored the link between entrepreneurship and the job features entrepreneurs most value in the work setting. Taking a longitudinal perspective, over two periods of time, 1990–1993 and 2008–2010, the present study resorted to the European Value Study dataset, encompassing 27 European countries and more than 100 thousand individuals. Based on logistic estimates, we found that, compared with non-entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs consider work more important than other life dimensions (except family). Moreover, some work values associated with entrepreneurship (e.g., use initiative, achieving something, responsible job, meeting abilities, have a say, and learning new skills) are indeed mentioned the most by entrepreneurs and emerged significantly related with entrepreneurial propensity. Finally, some work values (e.g., have a say) are associated with entrepreneurship propensity regardless of country's culture, whereas others (e.g., interesting job) are strongly influenced by culture.

As PME enfrentam vários obstáculos no seu processo de internacionalização que não podem superar sozinhas, forçando-as a permanecer domésticas e, portanto, em desvantagem em relação a concorrentes que adotam uma perspetiva de negócios mais global. A ação do governo pode ajudar as PME a superar as suas limitações e tem vindo a desempenhar um papel cada vez mais importante na promoção das exportações, uma área onde o Governo é normalmente um ator muito ativo. Isso contribuiu para a ideia de que os programas e agências de promoção de exportação são hoje instrumentos fundamentais no apoio às PME. Por estas razões, a formulação de uma estratégia nacional de promoção das exportações tem estado na agenda dos países em todo o mundo. A política de descentralização é hoje uma realidade enquanto reforma do modelo do setor público e estratégia de desenvolvimento. Do ponto de vista da descentralização, é reconhecido que as iniciativas se devem basear no território e ser geridas localmente, sendo a descentralização do poder e a responsabilidade para o nível local um fator importante no desenvolvimento local e regional. Apesar de extensa investigação sobre a descentralização, o papel dos governos locais na promoção da internacionalização das empresas tem sido bastante negligenciado na literatura, quer na área da ciência regional, quer na dos negócios internacionais. Este artigo procura preencher esta lacuna fornecendo uma sistematização da literatura que liga as políticas de promoção da internacionalização, da descentralização e da internacionalização das empresas.

Despite its obvious interest and potential for concern, empirical research on the cheating phenomenon among university students has almost exclusively been carried out in the United States, usually covering only a few universities in a given region. Little is known about cheating in
European universities, let alone the Iberian Peninsula. In this article we aim to contribute towards filling this gap by presenting evidence of this illicit behaviour in Portugal and Spain. Based on a survey of undergraduate students on Economics and Management courses, we conclude that there
is a pervasive culture of cheating in these two countries, reaching relatively high levels in universities. Using econometric techniques, which control for a wide set of variables likely to influence a student's propensity to cheat, we found that Spanish students are relatively more prone
to breaching the academic code of conduct than their Portuguese counterparts, and that the implementation of Honour Codes by universities constitute a promising approach in curbing cheating in academia.

We survey and analyze the relationship between 'social media' landscape and the 'over-the-top' film industry and provide a new market overview of how distinctive media platforms are leveraging each other features as part of their business model. With an elevated penetration of mass-market over the top (OTT) services and coexistence of several business models and value chains that need to be proven, our findings suggest that new entrants, to stand apart, will have to experiment new business models and with multimedia integration of content and services; and, unless they establish new niche services to communities of interest it will be difficult for them to differentiate their offerings and survive. Developing a social content network that connects people socially through films can offer media entrepreneurs and the 'world film' industry with a stable business model and a new window of opportunity in their competition for market share. By clarifying the boundaries and affordances of distinct OTT and social media platforms, the present research sustains that coupling video streaming and social networking is the future. It further bears that social multimedia computing should be used to capture and leverage the social activity and interaction of users in order to understand the drivers and trends in the film industry. Finally, it provides a direction for online world films.

Empirical studies are scarce on the usefulness of state trade missions as a way to promote the internationalization of firms. The results of applying an econometric model — involving 136 participations in twelve state trade missions that occurred between 2005 and 2008 — indicate that a company's size, foreign capital, export intensity, innovation intensity and experience in the market visited are relevant variables in an assessment of the results of state trade missions. Investment in the simple organization of trade state missions is not enough. It is necessary to select the most competent companies and to add more structured programmes to the organization of a mission in order to create and improve firms' competences.

Sendo o empreendedorismo político um tema que tem merecido elevado destaque na literatura, a evidência empírica nesta área tem sido escassa, em grande parte devido a limitações ao nível da operacionalização do conceito. Neste artigo, operacionalizamos o empreendedorismo político (local) considerando três dimensões principais: 1) Captação de fundos; 2) Posse e/ou construção de infraestruturas para apoiar as atividades empresariais e sociais; e 3) Atividades de apoio e serviços necessários às atividades empresariais e sociais. Baseados em informação recolhida junto de 108 municípios portugueses, quantificamos o empreendedorismo político global nas três dimensões referidas, obtendo um ranking dos municípios e das regiões NUTS III correspondentes. Adicionalmente, através da estimação de especificações econométricas, concluímos que o empreendedorismo político local tem um impacto positivo e significativo, mas indireto, via capital humano da população empregada, na criação de novos negócios, designadamente os intensivos em conhecimento. Por outras palavras, o impacto das ações empreendedoras das autoridades de política local é tanto mais elevado quanto maior for a percentagem da população empregada com ensino superior na região. Nesta base, não basta que o poder local seja "empreendedor"; complementarmente às ações públicas de captação de fundos, construção de infraestruturas e promoção de atividades para dinamização empresarial, é necessário garantir que a região é dotada de um nível de capacidade de absorção – capital humano e investimento em atividades de I&D – adequado.