Suchergebnisse

The role of languages other than English (LOTEs) in K-16 education is rife with controversy, particularly in Anglophone contexts. In a recent edited volume, Lanvers et al. (2021) tackled this controversy head-on by creating an anthology that not only described the "language learning problems in Anglophone countries in a holistic and universal manner" (p. 8), but also offered "solutions and examples of positive, forward-thinking practice" (p. 8). Certainly, with the rise of Global English, and even more recently, with the sudden proliferation of AI-enhanced communication strategies, languages other than English are being further marginalized. This marginalization often comes in the form of extreme budget cuts and elimination of courses and programs, as is being seen in a variety of Anglophone contexts and is particularly salient in the US context (Kingson, 2023).

Two concepts of multilingualism that relate to the selves aspect of Dörnyei's (2009) L2 motivational self system (L2MSS) are highlighted in this article: Thompson's concept of perceived positive language interaction (PPLI) and Henry's notion of the ideal multilingual self. With the dynamic model of multilingualism informing both concepts (Herdina & Jessner, 2002; Jessner, 2006, 2008), the intangible advantage that multilingual speakers have over monolingual speakers is clearly articulated in the discussion of this topic. The interconnectivity of language systems is an inherent aspect of the DMM; as such, both Thompson with PPLI and Henry with the ideal multilingual self incorporate the DMM as a framework to indicate the fluid nature of these constructs as additional language learning experiences are added to the system over time. This article further explores the dynamicity of multilingual learners' language systems and the influences that induce change. Specifically, data from Thompson's (2017b) study on LOTE learners are re-examined to explore this question. Additionally, excerpts from Natasha Lvovich's (1997) The Multilingual Self, an autobiography of an L1 Russian speaker, are analyzed to present different possible models of incorporating the multilingual self and PPLI. The article ends with a discussion of an inherently multilingual context, as well as thoughts regarding the possibility of different types of future selves.

Human rights—specifically international human rights law—have been central to the success of the liberal international order. But since the founding of the United Nations (UN), Canada has had a complicated relationship with international human rights law. This article provides a survey of sixty years of Canadian human rights diplomacy at the UN Commission on Human Rights, from its establishment in 1946 to its dissolution in 2006. During this period, there were moments when Canada did champion new international law, and did so courageously. Yet there were others, such as during negotiations to recognize and codify the rights of Indigenous peoples, when it stood in the way of progress. But the international order that has served Canada so well since the end of the Second World War is under threat, due to a combination of shifts in the global balance of power, and critical challenges such as climate change. If it is to survive into the twenty-first century, advanced democracies such as Canada will need to lead in the development and enforcement of international human rights law, a role that governments in Ottawa have at various times been reluctant to play.

On November 7, 2013, the U.S. Senate passed the Employment Non-Discrimination Act ("2013 ENDA"), a bill that attempted to incorporate both sexual orientation and gender identity as protected classes under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The 2013 ENDA was an important initiative that addressed a long history of employment discrimination against gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered employees. The bill, however, provided a broad exemption for religiously affiliated organizations operating in secular fields. This religious exemption excluded a significant number of organizations hiring secular-in-function employees from the bill's prohibition of discriminatory practices. Although Congress dismissed the 2013 ENDA in September 2014, the history of the bill suggests that future attempts by Congress to pass a similar antidiscrimination bill will likely offer the same broad exemption for secular-in-function but religious-in-name organizations. This Note examines the religious exemption issue and suggests that religiously affiliated but secular-in-function organizations be subject to a bona fide occupational qualification to enable them to practice their faith without undermining the very purpose of the proposed legislation.