Suchergebnisse

Academic literature rarely gives an account of the ethical and emotional challenges the researcher is confronted with before, during and after being in the field. Nonetheless, they deserve proper attention, to help fathom the inevitable bias in the researchers' position in the field and to assess the quality of the research findings. In addition, they can show that the fȧade of 'scientific validity and neutrality' often hides a pragmatic approach that shapes the research process. Presenting their personal accounts, a variety of researchers who have done field research in the Great Lakes Region of Central Africa explore the challenges faced when engaging in local-level research in difficult situations.

ABSTRACTComparing pre- and post-genocide Rwanda, this article argues that clear continuities exist between the regimes of Juvénal Habyarimana and Paul Kagame. Both have projected a remarkably similar image of 'benevolent leadership'. Presenting themselves as harbingers of an 'improved' or 'new' Rwanda, both leaderships have claimed to be best able and willing to guide Rwanda along the right path to peace, security, ethnic unity and development. 'Benevolent leadership' in both periods has also served as a tool to try and shape regime relationships with international and domestic audiences. Internationally, each government has worked to promote Rwanda and its authorities as a good development partner. Domestically, these projections have served to establish norms of order and obedience. We argue that projections of 'benevolent leadership' have been a tool designed to win over the international community and discipline the Rwandan population.

The genome of potato, a major global food crop, was recently sequenced. The work presented here details the integration of the potato reference genome (DM) with a new sequence-tagged site marker-based linkage map and other physical and genetic maps of potato and the closely related species tomato. Primary anchoring of the DM genome assembly was accomplished by the use of a diploid segregating population, which was genotyped with several types of molecular genetic markers to construct a new similar to 936 cM linkage map comprising 2469 marker loci. In silico anchoring approaches used genetic and physical maps from the diploid potato genotype RH89-039-16 (RH) and tomato. This combined approach has allowed 951 superscaffolds to be ordered into pseudomolecules corresponding to the 12 potato chromosomes. These pseudomolecules represent 674 Mb (similar to 93%) of the 723 Mb genome assembly and 37,482 (similar to 96%) of the 39,031 predicted genes. The superscaffold order and orientation within the pseudomolecules are closely collinear with independently constructed high density linkage maps. Comparisons between marker distribution and physical location reveal regions of greater and lesser recombination, as well as regions exhibiting significant segregation distortion. The work presented here has led to a greatly improved ordering of the potato reference genome superscaffolds into chromosomal pseudomolecules. ; Potato Genome Sequencing grant, UK; Scottish Government Rural and Environmental Science and Analytical Services Division (RESAS); Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA); Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB)-Potato Council; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) [BB/F012640]; New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Ltd Strategic Science Initiative; New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd Capability Fund, New Zealand; NMEA (Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs); CBSG (Centre for BioSystems Genomics); STW (Netherlands Technology Foundation), The Netherlands [07796]; Teagasc Core Funding; DAFF-Research Stimulus Fund, Ireland; International Potato Center (CIP-CGIAR)/CRP RTB, Peru; CONICYTComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) [Fondap 1509007, PBCT-PSD-03]; CONICYT (Basal CMM); CIRIC INRIA; INIA-Ministry of Agriculture of Chile, Chile; FEMCIDI OEA [PE/09/02 MINCyT-CONCyTEC]; Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA-Core Funds); Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia (MINCyT), Argentina; Proyecto FEMCIDI-OEA [SEDI/AE-305 /09]; Proyecto Bilateral Argentina, Per; FINCyT [099-FINCyT-EQUIP-2009) / (076-FINCyT-PIN-2008)]; Prestamo BID [1663/OC-PE]; Instituto Nacional de Innovacion Agraria, Ministry of Agriculture of Peru; Peruvian Ministry of Agriculture, Technical Secretariat of coordination; CGIAR; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Tecnologica, Peru (CONCYTEC); Special Multilateral Fund of the Inter-American Council for Integral Development (FEMCIDI-Peru); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research CouncilBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) [BB/F012640/1] ; We thank Andrzej Kilian (Diversity Arrays Technology, Australia) for DArT genotyping of the DMDD mapping population. We acknowledge Peter E. Hedley and Clare Booth (The James Hutton Institute, UK) for help with SNP genotyping. We thank S. B. Divito (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Argentina) for technical assistance. We are also grateful to Luke Ramsay and Peter E. Hedley (The James Hutton Institute, UK) for comments on the manuscript. AFLP and WGP are (registered) trademarks owned by KeyGene N.V. We acknowledge the funding made available by the Potato Genome Sequencing grant, UK [Scottish Government Rural and Environmental Science and Analytical Services Division (RESAS), Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB)-Potato Council, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, Grant BB/F012640)]; New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Ltd Strategic Science Initiative and the New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd Capability Fund, New Zealand; NMEA (Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs), CBSG (Centre for BioSystems Genomics), STW (Netherlands Technology Foundation grant 07796), The Netherlands; Teagasc Core Funding, DAFF-Research Stimulus Fund, Ireland; International Potato Center (CIP-CGIAR)/CRP RTB, Peru; CONICYT (Fondap 1509007, Basal CMM, PBCT-PSD-03), CIRIC INRIA, INIA-Ministry of Agriculture of Chile, Chile; FEMCIDI OEA, PE/09/02 MINCyT-CONCyTEC, 2010-2011, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA-Core Funds) and Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia (MINCyT), Argentina; Proyecto FEMCIDI-OEA SEDI/AE-305 /09 (2008-2012), Proyecto Bilateral Argentina, Per; FINCyT (099-FINCyT-EQUIP-2009) / (076-FINCyT-PIN-2008), Prestamo BID no. 1663/OC-PE, Instituto Nacional de Innovacion Agraria, Ministry of Agriculture of Peru, Peruvian Ministry of Agriculture, Technical Secretariat of coordination with the CGIAR, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Tecnologica, Peru (CONCYTEC), Special Multilateral Fund of the Inter-American Council for Integral Development (FEMCIDI-Peru).

In recent years, a variety of efforts have been made in political science to enable, encourage, or require scholars to be more open and explicit about the bases of their empirical claims and, in turn, make those claims more readily evaluable by others. While qualitative scholars have long taken an interest in making their research open, reflexive, and systematic, the recent push for overarching transparency norms and requirements has provoked serious concern within qualitative research communities and raised fundamental questions about the meaning, value, costs, and intellectual relevance of transparency for qualitative inquiry. In this Perspectives Reflection, we crystallize the central findings of a three-year deliberative process - the Qualitative Transparency Deliberations (QTD) - involving hundreds of political scientists in a broad discussion of these issues. Following an overview of the process and the key insights that emerged, we present summaries of the QTD Working Groups' final reports. Drawing on a series of public, online conversations that unfolded at www.qualtd.net, the reports unpack transparency's promise, practicalities, risks, and limitations in relation to different qualitative methodologies, forms of evidence, and research contexts. Taken as a whole, these reports - the full versions of which can be found in the Supplementary Materials - offer practical guidance to scholars designing and implementing qualitative research, and to editors, reviewers, and funders seeking to develop criteria of evaluation that are appropriate - as understood by relevant research communities - to the forms of inquiry being assessed. We dedicate this Reflection to the memory of our coauthor and QTD working group leader Kendra Koivu.