Suchergebnisse

Presents three case studies involving a collaboration between the
Norwegian Computing Centre, three local authorities (municipalities) and
a nationwide software manufacturer. Seeks to address whether:
evolutionary prototyping a feasible development model; it is suitable
for developing common systems; user‐controlled design leads to better
systems; and development projects can foster mutual learning. Examines
how evolutionary prototyping was used as a strategic development model.
Relates the project and its impact for each case. Discusses system
development as a catalyst for change. Comments on the changing attitude
of the manufacturer once the commercial implications of the project
became apparent.

Da amerikanerne i september 1978 inviterte Egypt og Israel til Camp David for å forhandle om fred i Midtøsten, ble verken palestinerne, Jordan eller Syria invitert. Amerikanerne skulle raskt få erfare at uten deres støtte og hjelp skulle det bli svært vanskelig, om ikke umulig, å gjennomføre resultatene av fredsforhandlingene.

Background: Research integrity has obtained much attention in research communities, but also in the general public. To improve research integrity is difficult as it involves complex systems of knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The objective of this study is to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of cohorts of PhD candidates at one faculty (of medicine) over time and compare this to finished PhDs of the same cohorts. Material and method: Researchers (n  =  186) awarded the degree PhD at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Oslo in 2019 were invited to answer a questionnaire about knowledge, attitudes and actions related to scientific dishonesty. 94 responded (50.5%). The results were compared with results among first-year PhD candidates who responded to the same questionnaire during 2010–20 (n  =  536) and to those who finished PhDs in 2016 (n  =  86). Results: For the years 2010–2020 1.1% of the PhD candidates report to have engaged in severe scientific misconduct (FFP) while 0.9% report to have presented results in a misleading way. 2.3% report that they know of persons at their department who have engaged in FFP the last 12 months. In total 1.5% report to have experienced pressure to engage in severe scientific misconduct (FFP) while 2.1% report to have experienced pressure to present results in a misleading way. On average 12.8% report to have been exposed to unethical pressure concerning inclusion or ordering of authors during the last 12 months, and 28.8% report to have knowledge about their department's written policies about research integrity. While some attitudes improve over the years, attitudes in general are not much changed from 2010–2020. None of the PhDs that received a PhD from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Oslo in 2019 reported to have engaged in FFT or having experienced pressure to do so.1.1% experienced pressure to present results in other misleading ways, while 26.6% of respondents had experienced unethical pressure in relation to authorship during the course of the PhD fellowship. 4.3% knew about someone at their department who had presented results in a misleading manner. Some attitudes were not in line with traditional conceptions of research integrity, but most agreed that their research environment displayed research integrity. Conclusion: This long-term follow up study shows that few PhD-candidates report to engage in severe scientific misconduct, that they experience little pressure to do so, and with some exceptions, attitudes in in line with good research integrity. However, pressure in relation to authorship is relatively common. There is some improvement in research integrity from PhD candidates to recently finished PhDs, but in general research integrity is stable over time.

Abstract
This article reports on a longitudinal case study, which included site visits in Thailand from 2014 to 2015, and participant follow-up to mid-2018. It documents the lived experience of children from Syria, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Vietnam, and Myanmar in two different locations in Thailand: Bangkok and Mae Sot (a district close to Thailand-Myanmar border with a long history of economic migrants and refugees from Myanmar). It documents perspectives of children and the adults in their lives while in exile. It presents an analysis of the children's perspectives on needs and how unmet needs for safety, basic materials, health care, and education put them at risk of arrest, detention, abuse, and exploitation, and impact their psychological development. Contextual factors such as available services, existing policies and laws are also discussed in relation to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).

Abstract
A dual income tax system, combining progressive taxation of labor income with proportional taxation of income from capital, may or may not be unambiguously inequality reducing. Examples show that the degree of correlation between the distributions of wage and capital income, the degree of tax rate differentiation in the DIT, and reranking of tax-payers can be expected to complicate a clear-cut analysis. We trace out what can be said definitively, obtaining sufficient conditions for unambiguous inequality reduction in certain cases, and more generally identifying the nature of the implicit redistribution between labor and capital income components which is sufficient to ensure overall inequality reduction.