Suchergebnisse

Since 1980, Latinos have participated in an unprecedented geographic dispersal that altered the ethno-racial contours of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas throughout the nation. After summarizing recent trends in spatial distribution, we review scholarship about trends in residential segregation, the rise of multiethnic neighborhoods, and residential mobility. New trends, notably the emergence of hypersegregation and rising segregation levels in several places, call into question earlier views about the inevitability of Hispanics' spatial assimilation, as do studies that examine direct links between individual mobility and locational attainment. The growing support for the tenets of the place stratification model suggests that Hispanic origin is becoming a racial marker. Following a brief review of social and economic correlates of Hispanics' residential makeover, we conclude by discussing opportunities for future research, emphasizing the importance of dynamic assessments that consider the new contours of racialization in the context of multiethnic places.

Ajzen, Icek. 2012. Martin Fishbein's legacy: The reasoned action approach. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 640 (1): 11–27. doi:10.1177/0002716211423363

This article compares native residents' opinions and perceptions regarding immigration using a representative survey from a pair of matched North Carolina counties – one that experienced recent growth of its foreign-born population and one that did not. Drawing from several theoretical perspectives, including group threat, contact theory, and symbolic politics, we formulate and empirically evaluate several hypotheses. Results provide limited evidence that competition and threat influence formation of opinions about immigration, with modest support for claims that parents with school-aged children harbor more negative views of immigration than their childless counterparts. Except for residents in precarious economic situations, these negative opinions appear unrelated to the immigrant composition of the community. Claims that the media promotes negative views of immigration receive limited support, but this relationship is unrelated to the volume of local immigration. Finally, sustained contacts with foreign-born residents outside work environments are associated with positive views of immigration, but superficial contacts appear to be conducive to anti-immigration sentiments. Political orientation, educational attainment, and indicators of respondents' tolerance for diversity explain most of the difference between the two counties in overall support for immigration.

Using ten years of enrollment data at four Texas public universities, the authors examine whether, to what extent, and in what ways high school attended contributes to racial and ethnic differences in college achievement. As with previous studies, the authors show that controlling for class rank and test scores shrinks, but does not eliminate, sizable racial differences in college achievement. Fixed-effects models that take into account differences across high schools that minority and nonminority youth attend largely eliminate, and often reverse, black-white and Hispanic-white gaps in several college outcomes. The results, which are quite robust across universities of varying selectivity, illustrate how high school quality foments race and ethnic inequality in college performance.

The authors uses administrative data for the two most selective Texas public institutions to examine the application, admission, and enrollment consequences of rescinding affirmative action and implementing the top 10 percent admission regime. The authors simulate the gains and losses associated with each policy regime and those from assigning minorities the corresponding rates for white students. Challenging popular claims that the Top Ten Percent Law restored diversification of Texas's public flagships, analyses that consider both changes in the size of high school graduation cohorts and institutional carrying capacity show that the uniform admission regime did not restore Hispanic and black representation at the University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M even after four years. Simulations of gains and losses for Hispanics and blacks at each stage of the college pipeline across admission regimes confirm that affirmative action is the most efficient policy to diversify college campuses, even in highly segregated states like Texas.

This paper compares native residents' opinions and perceptions regarding immigration using a representative survey from a pair of matched North Carolina counties—one that experienced recent growth of its foreign-born population and one that did not. Drawing from several theoretical perspectives, including group threat, contact theory, and symbolic politics, we formulate and empirically evaluate several hypotheses. Results provide limited evidence that competition and threat influence formation of opinions about immigration, with modest support for claims that parents with school-aged children harbor more negative views of immigration than their childless counterparts. Except for residents in precarious economic situations, these negative opinions appear unrelated to the immigrant composition of the community. Claims that the media promotes negative views of immigration receive limited support, but this relationship is unrelated to the volume of local immigration. Finally, sustained contacts with foreign-born residents outside work environments are associated with positive views of immigration, but superficial contacts appear to be conducive to anti-immigration sentiments. Political orientation, educational attainment and indicators of respondents' tolerance for diversity explain most of the difference between the two counties in overall support for immigration.

Objective. This article examines whether & how young women's job mobility influences racial & ethnic wage-growth differentials during the first eight years after leaving school. Methods. We use the NLSY-79 Work History File to simulate the influence of job mobility on the wages of skilled & unskilled workers. Results. African-American & Hispanic women average less job mobility than white women, especially if they did not attend college. Unskilled women who experience frequent job changes during the first four post school years reap positive wage returns, but turnover beyond the shopping period incurs wage penalties. Job mobility does not appear to boost wage growth for college-educated women. Conclusions. Among unskilled women, race & ethnic wage disparities partly derive from group differences in the frequency of job changes, but unequal returns to job mobility drive the wage gaps for skilled women. We discuss several explanations for these disparities. Tables, Figures, Appendixes, References. Adapted from the source document.

Describes the multiple facets of ethnicity & their impact on how ethnicity reveals itself over time & across varied settings. Difficulties involved in obtaining reliable & valid measurements of ethnicity are pointed out, especially in relation to the use of self-identification. The social constructionist approach to ethnicity is explained & racial differences in IQ are used to describe the debate surrounding genetic hypotheses. Emphasis is placed on the need to disaggregate ethnicity into its multiple components in order to test for possible mediators of ethnic effects. The various facets that need to be considered include personal group identity, religion, language, social community, intergenerational differences, social position, education, area influences, social context, lifestyle, immigration, minority status, discrimination, & genetic composition. Even though no data set can adequately cover the range of possible mediators, comparisons across ethnic groups & social contexts are crucial. It is concluded that researchers must acknowledge the analytical challenges presented by multiple identifications in order to avoid misinterpreting causal mechanisms. References. J. Lindroth

The concluding chapter of Ethnicity and Causal Mechanisms summarizes the key themes of the contributions. Emphasis is placed on ethnicity as a multifaceted concept that is viewed differently by various ethnic groups. Key insights about the mechanisms that produce ethnic differences are explored, including how context affects the emergence & consolidation of differences; understandings gleaned from efforts to identify specific mechanisms that trigger differential responses among ethnic groups; & the need to eliminate both discrimination against ethnic groups & those processes that lead to social disadvantage. Promising avenues for future research are discussed, especially in relation to generational transitions; educational outcomes; socialization/social context; & ascription/ethnic variation. A discussion of the policy implications highlights the need for both a youth-centered integration policy that focuses on investing in young people as well as the institutions that serve them; & policies that give attention to the mental health aspects associated with the processes of migration & cultural/socioeconomic adaptation. References. J. Lindroth

"Objective. This article examines whether and how young women's job mobility influences racial and ethnic wage-growth differentials during the first eight years after leaving school.; Methods. We use the NLSY-79 Work History File to simulate the influence of job mobility on the wages of skilled and unskilled workers.; Results. African-American and Hispanic women average less job mobility than white women, especially if they did not attend college. Unskilled women who experience frequent job changes during the first four postschool years reap positive wage returns, but turnover beyond the shopping period incurs wage penalties. Job mobility does not appear to boost wage growth for college-educated women.; Conclusions. Among unskilled women, race and ethnic wage disparities partly derive from group differences in the frequency of job changes, but unequal returns to job mobility drive the wage gaps for skilled women. We discuss several explanations for these disparities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

This paper provides a comparative perspective of pathways to entrepreneurship among Hispanic (mostly Mexican), Korean, non-Hispanic white, and Middle-Eastern/South-Asian entrepreneurs to identify common and unique circumstances conducive to business ownership. A stratified random sample business survey conducted in an immigrant neighborhood in Chicago is analyzed, to determine whether employment in a co-ethnic firm and informal self-employment serve as a stepladder to business ownership. The blocked mobility hypothesis is examined by considering self-reports about reasons for becoming self-employed. Results show that the informal economy is a common pathway to steady self-employment for Hispanics, whereas entry through employment in a co-ethnic firm was more common among Koreans than immigrants from Mexico, the Middle East, and South Asia. Koreans see business ownership as a way to overcome blocked mobility, but virtually all desire their offspring to acquire "good jobs" in the open labor market. For Hispanics, business ownership is not solely an instrument for overcoming discrimination, but rather a strategy for intergenerational mobility.