Suchergebnisse

The Finnish integration policy has been conditioned by the elite bargain struck in the European Community on the Single European Act which crystallized a compromise between market-oriented reforms and intergovernmental institutionalism. A similar political development has occurred in Finland where the elite bargain has included the application for EC membership. The move towards the EC has been facilitated by the changes in the Soviet and Russian policies, which have become less of a constraint on Finland's choices. The elite bargain in Finland has been rather loose and informal, partly because in the late 1980s the industry used the exit option by investing heavily in Western Europe. That is why it has needed little voice to convince the political leadership which has shifted to support the EC membership under internal and external influences.

The Finnish integration debate; elements in the consensus between Finnish government and industry favoring market initiatives and application for EEC membership.

Väyrynen, R. The United Nations and the Resolution of International Conflicts. Cooperation and Conflict, XX, 1985, 141-171. The United Nations evolves in interaction with its external environment, which has changed in several ways during the postwar era. The distribution of power between major powers and in the global system as a whole have created the context in which the UN has served the functions of conflict manifestation, conflict resolution, and collective legitimization. The world organization operated in the conditions of US hegemony from 1948 to 1963 after a brief prelude as the coalition of victorious powers in 1945-1947. The gradual erosion of this hegemony and the process of decolonization blended the UN with a measure of both duopoly and fragmentation from 1964 to 1974. The processes of fragmentation and disagreement have become even more visible since the middle of the 1970s. Transformations in the international environment have also changed the types of conflicts which the UN is expected to manage and resolve. In particular the number and complexity of peripheral conflicts referred to the organ ization has increased, while it has faced considerable difficulties in handling them successfully. This fact, together with the general crisis of multilateral international cooperation, has given rise to efforts to rehabilitate the role of the United Nations in the maintenance of collective security.