Suchergebnisse

The demand for motor fuel should decline when its price rises, but how exactly does that happen? Do people drive less, do they drive more carefully to conserve fuel, or do they do both? To answer these questions, we use data from the German Mobility Panel from 2004 to 2019, taking advantage of the fluctuations in motor fuel prices over time and across locales to see how they affect Vehicle Kilometers Traveled (VKT) and on-road fuel economy (expressed in kilometers per liter). Our reduced-form regressions show that while the VKTs driven by gasoline cars decrease when the price of gasoline rises, their fuel economy tends to get worse. It is unclear why this happens. Perhaps attempts to save on gasoline-cutting on solo driving, forgoing long trips on the highway, driving more in the city-end up compromising the fuel economy. By contrast, both the VKTs and the fuel economy of diesel cars appear to be insensitive to changes in the price of diesel. Latent class models confirm our main findings, including the fact that while fuel prices, car attributes, and household and location characteristics explain much of the variation in the VKTs, it remains difficult to capture the determinants of on-road fuel economy. Since the price elasticity of fuel consumption is the difference between the price elasticity of VKT and the price elasticity of the fuel economy, our results suggest that the fuel economy might be the "weakest link" of price-based policies that seek to address environmental externalities, such as a carbon tax. ; Wenn der Preis von Treibstoff steigt, sollte die Nachfrage sinken, doch wie genau geschieht das? Fahren Menschen weniger, fahren sie - um Kraftstoff zu sparen - vorsichtiger, oder tun sie womöglich beides? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, analysieren wir Daten aus dem German Mobility Panel von 2004 bis 2019. Dabei nutzen wir Schwankungen der Kraftstoffpreise im Zeitverlauf und zwischen den Regionen, um zu sehen, wie sie sich auf die zurückgelegten Fahrzeugkilometer (vehicle kllometers travelled: VKT) und den Kraftstoffverbrauch auf der Straße (ausgedrückt in Kilometer pro Liter) auswirken. Unsere Regressionen zeigen, dass die von Benzinautos gefahrenen VKTs bei einem Anstieg des Benzinpreises zwar abnehmen, der Kraftstoffverbrauch aber tendenziell schlechter wird. Es ist unklar, warum dies geschieht. Möglicherweise gehen Versuche, Benzin zu sparen, wie z.B. die Reduzierung von Einzelfahrten, der Verzicht auf lange Fahrten auf der Autobahn oder das Fahren in der Stadt, zu Lasten des Kraftstoffverbrauchs. Im Gegensatz dazu scheinen bei Dieselfahrzeugen sowohl die VKTs als auch der Kraftstoffverbrauch unempfindlich gegenüber Änderungen des Dieselpreises zu sein. Latent Class Modelle bestätigen unsere Hauptergebnisse, einschließlich der Tatsache, dass, während Kraftstoffpreise, Fahrzeugattribute sowie Haushalts- und Standortmerkmale einen Großteil der Variation in den VKTs erklären, es schwierig bleibt, die Determinanten des Kraftstoffverbrauchs auf der Straße zu erfassen. Da die Preiselastizität des Kraftstoffverbrauchs die Differenz zwischen der Preiselastizität der VKTs und der Preiselastizität des Kraftstoffverbrauchs ist, deuten unsere Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass der Kraftstoffverbrauch das "schwächste Glied" einer preisbasierten Politik sein könnte, die versucht, Umweltexternalitäten anzugehen, wie beispielsweise eine Kohlenstoffsteuer.

ObjectivesThis article analyzes how couples allocate housework against the backdrop of three questions: (1) Does an individual's income—both in absolute and relative terms—influence his or her contribution to housework? (2) If so, does the magnitude of this influence differ by gender? and (3) How important are traditional gender roles on housework allocation?MethodsWe apply panel regression techniques to longitudinal German household data.ResultsWe find that as both the share and absolute level of income increase, the amount of housework undertaken by wives and husbands decreases. Traditional gender roles also underpin housework allocation, which is evidenced by women increasing their housework if they earn more than their partner.ConclusionWhile we find a negative association between earnings and housework, policy measures to ease the double burden borne by working women may have only a modest effect owing to the persistence of traditional gender conceptions.

We conduct a framed field experiment in Indonesian fishing communities with an eye towards evaluating the potential of Territorial Use Rights for Fisheries (TURFs) for preserving coral reef fisheries. Conducted in three culturally distinctive sites, the study assembles groups of five fishers who participate in a common-pool resource game. We implement the game with randomly assigned treatments in all sites to explore whether the extraction decision varies according to three recommended non-binding extraction levels originating from (1) a democratic process, (2) a group leader or (3) an external source that recommends a socially optimal extraction level. In one of the sites - that having the highest levels of ethnic and religious diversity - we find that democratic decision-making as well as information originating from outside the community promotes the cooperative behavior that underpins TURFs, a result that is robust to regressions controlling for individual and community attributes. The absence of treatment effects in the remaining two sites highlights that a set of formal rules may have different consequences in different communities, depending on underlying values and norms.