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In this paper, we examine the roles of institutional sources in the spectacular rise of income inequality in urban China during the reform era. Categories created under the state socialism not only formed an institutional basis that defined inequality under socialism, their new life in an emerging market economy have also made them the institutional sources of rising economic inequality. In addition to rewarding individuals differently according to their attributes, income distribution in urban China shows a clear pattern of alignment along boundaries such as locality, industrial sector, ownership type, and work organizations. Relying on mechanisms such as exclusion and opportunity hoarding, and by forming local corporatism and work organization ownership, members in different categories retain a degree of equality while inequality between categories rose sharply. These structural features have resulted in a juxtaposition of a sharply increased inequality between groups and a relative degree of equality within groups.

This article summarizes major recent findings on Chinese demographic behavior and outlines their relevancy for the Malthusian model of comparative population dynamics and Chinese population in particular. Specifically, it considers four distinctive and persistent features of Chinese behavior during the last 300 years—high rates of female infanticide and abortion, high rates of bachelorhood, low marital fertility, and high rates of male and female adoption–and discusses the origins and implications of such a demographic regime for Chinese economic and social development. Contrasting Chinese demographic behavior with European demographic behavior, the article argues the existence of a demographic system and a demographic transition different from current Malthusian and neo‐Malthusian models, and the existence of a system regulating collective demographic behavior in ways distinctly different from Western experience.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- I Mythologies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Malthusian Myths -- II Realities -- 3 Subsistence -- 4 Mortality -- 5 Marriage -- 6 Fertility -- III Implications -- 7 System -- 8 Society -- 9 Demography, Ideology, and Politics -- Appendix: Chinese Population Sources, 1700–2000 -- Notes -- References -- Index

AbstractAs one of the four great classical novels of Chinese literature,The Journey to the Westnarrates a legendary Buddhist pilgrimage. Until now, the religious conversion in the novel remains much less explored by academia. We propose an innovative approach to addressing this shortfall by conducting a corpus-based investigation into the characterization of the protagonist "Great Sage." We use the corpus tools BFSU PowerConc 1.0 and LancsBox v.2.0.1 to calculate and visualize the collocation networks of Great Sage: for one thing, to contextualize the complex interactions between him and the external environment; for another, to define and compare different phases of the character's evolution. The collocational networks are derived by means of a quantitative approach, i.e. a mutual information (MI) score with collocation cutoff values. This lays an objective foundation for a subsequent qualitative interpretation of how the protagonist's identity is forged in his conversion. Further, some associated literary and theological scholarships are woven into our text-based analysis.

Prefabricated buildings that are more environmentally friendly have been vigorously promoted by the Chinese government because of the reduced waste and carbon emissions during the construction process. Most of the construction processes of prefabricated buildings are completed in the prefabricated component factory, but the safety risks during the hoisting process cannot be ignored. In this paper, the initial framework of a Bayesian Network (BN) is obtained from the combination of the improved Human Factors Analysis and Classification System Model (HFACS) and BN. The improved similarity aggregation method (SAM) is used to calculate the prior probability of BN, which can better summarize and deal with the fuzzy judgment of experts on risk accidents. The improved SAM can consider both the weight of experts and the relative consistency of their opinions, which is of great significance for improving the reliability of BN inputted data. This paper uses the construction project in Sanya, Hainan Province, to verify the validity of the model. The results show that the calculation results of the model are basically consistent with the actual situation. The safety risk of this project is relatively low, and the premise of unsafe behaviors and unsafe supervision are the key risk factors of the project. In addition to maintaining good construction conditions and workers' healthy states, it is also necessary to carefully check the performance of tower cranes and equipment such as spreaders. During the operation process of the tower crane, workers should avoid walking or staying within the hoisting range.

"As the most populous country in the world, China's demographic challenges have always been too many people for ecological system, resources, and the environment. However, by the early 1990s, fertility rate in China had dropped below the replacement level, and China's low fertility has now attracted the world's attention. This book is among the first studies to raise and examine questions on low fertility in China, believing that China has entered a new era featured by low birth rate and ageing population. Utilizing advanced research methods and models on low fertility to analyze China's census data, this book explores the issues from various perspectives. Methodologies employed in past population studies, policy making concerning fertility rate, underreporting of births and fertility rate estimates, fertility level of the migrant population, current population pattern, long-term population trends, population dynamics, and many other thought-provoking problems are covered. Finally, the book revisits China's population issues in the context of globalization. The 21st century has seen the new challenge of persistent population decrease and ageing worldwide, which, along with economic globalization, demands a new understanding of the changes in population pattern and their consequences. Researchers and students in China's demographic and social studies will be attracted by the insightful analysis and rich materials provided in the book. Population policy makers will also benefit from it"--

"As the most populous country in the world, China's demographic challenges have always been too many people for ecological system, resources, and the environment. However, by the early 1990s, fertility rate in China had dropped below the replacement level, and China's low fertility has now attracted the world's attention. This book is among the first studies to raise and examine questions on low fertility in China, believing that China has entered a new era featured by low birth rate and ageing population. Utilizing advanced research methods and models on low fertility to analyze China's census data, this book explores the issues from various perspectives. Methodologies employed in past population studies, policy making concerning fertility rate, underreporting of births and fertility rate estimates, fertility level of the migrant population, current population pattern, long-term population trends, population dynamics, and many other thought-provoking problems are covered. Finally, the book revisits China's population issues in the context of globalization. The 21st century has seen the new challenge of persistent population decrease and ageing worldwide, which, along with economic globalization, demands a new understanding of the changes in population pattern and their consequences. Researchers and students in China's demographic and social studies will be attracted by the insightful analysis and rich materials provided in the book. Population policy makers will also benefit from it."--Provided by publisher

3D interactive display marketing is a marketing method that uses 3D interactive technology and three-dimensional display scenes to facilitate interaction between people and display content. This approach has been widely used in online retail and is very popular in China's automotive industry. The automobile industry tries to solve the severe issue of potential client loss in the automotive sector by using 3D interactive display marketing to persuade consumers to buy cars. However, it's still unclear whether and how 3D interactive display marketing in the automobile sector might alter consumers' inclination to buy cars. To address this issue, this study collected data through experiments and questionnaires and used a structural equation model to explore how automotive 3D interactive display marketing affected consumers' willingness to purchase cars. The study established a model consisting of seven dimensions: information richness, information quality, interaction quality, esthetic experience, action experience, emotional experience, and willingness to purchase. The findings of this study can provide reference for producers and sellers in the automotive industry, promote the better application of automotive 3D interactive display marketing in the sector, and reduce potential loss of automotive customer.