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The article identifies five principal reasons for international nongovernmental organizations to use humanitarian law in seeking to protect human rights during periods of armed conflict and also notes three difficulties in using humanitarian law. International nongovernmental organizations, aside from the International Committee of the Red Cross, possess an important role in assessing whether govern ments and armed opposition groups are respecting their human rights and humanitarian law obligations Americas Watch, Amnesty International, the International Commission of Jurists, and other organ izations have for some time been using humanitarian law and human rights law in armed conflict situations. They need to become more consistent and careful in using humanitarian law; they can also learn from the experience of the Red Cross in how to be more effective in safeguarding human rights during periods of armed conflict.

Dealing with human rights violations such as arbitrary killings, detention, and ill-treatment; efforts of Americas Watch, Amnesty International, International Commission of Jurists; role of the Red Cross.

In March 1982, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights initiated the appointment of a Special Rapporteur on Summary or Arbitrary Executions. The Special Rapporteur on Summary or Arbitrary Executions has done far more than merely study that grave human rights problem; he has received complaints about impending and past executions, issued appeals to governments about threatened executions and the need to investigate past killings, and reported publicly on much of his activity. The Commission on Human Rights not only has renewed the Special Rapporteur on Summary or Arbitrary Executions in its subsequent annual sessions, but has followed this precedent by appointing in 1985 a similar Special Rapporteur on Torture and in 1986 a Special Rapporteur on Intolerance and Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief.

THE RATIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES IS CRITICAL TO THE WORLDWIDE OBSERVANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS. THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS HAVE REPEATEDLY EMPHASIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF RATIFICATION AND HAVE FREQUENTLY ENCOURAGED STATES TO RATIFY THE RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS.

Non-citizens should by virtue of their essential humanity, enjoy all human rights unless exceptional distinctions serve a legitimate state objective and are proportionate. This book attempts to understand and respond to the challenges of international human rights law guarantees for non-citizens' human rights