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Abstract. The segmentation of the educational system in Argentina may be identified as one of the main processes involved in the reproduction of social inequalities. This notion refers to the fact that the system is divided into groups of institutions of differential quality in which students are distributed according to their socioeconomic background. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the comprehension of this phenomenon. Following a brief exposition about the concept, the outlook, and the main implications of educational segmentation, its causes and dynamics are analyzed from a double perspective: 1) macro-social: in order to understand the global and historical trends which serve as a background and act as objective determinants; ii) micro-social: an institutional approach is proposed as a means to identify the behavioral patterns and norms involved in the determination of this particular configuration of the education system. ; Resumen. Entre las diversas expresiones de la inequidad social en la actualidad, se destaca la segmentación del sistema educativo, concepto que remite tanto a la presencia de circuitos escolares de distinta calidad como a la homogeneidad en la composición socioeconómica del público al que atienden. A través del presente artículo se pretende contribuir a la comprensión de este fenómeno en el contexto argentino. Luego de una breve exposición acerca del concepto, el panorama actual y las implicancias de la segmentación educativa en el país, se abordan las causas y la dinámica de la misma desde una doble perspectiva: 1) macro-social, para conocer las tendencias globales e históricas que actúan de marco para el sector educativo influyendo en su configuración actual, y 2) micro-social, porque resulta pertinente realizar un análisis institucional para identificar las pautas de comportamiento de los distintos agentes del sistema que, en su accionar cotidiano, puedan atentar contra su democratización.

This open access book summarizes the multi-disciplinary results of one of China's main primatological research projects on the endemic Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana), which had continued for over 30 years, but which had never been reported on systematically. Dedicated to this exceptional Old World monkey, this book makes the work of Chinese primatologists on the social behavior, cooperation, culture, cognition, group dynamics, and emerging technologies in primate research accessible to the international scientific community. One of the most impressive Asian monkeys, and the largest member of its genus, the Tibetan macaque deserves to be better known. This volume goes a long way towards bringing this species into the spotlight with many excellent behavioral analyses from the field. - Frans de Waal, Professor of Psychology, Emory University, USA. Macaques matter. To understand primate patterns and trends, and to gain important insight into humanity, we need to augment and expand our engagement with the most successful and widespread primate genus aside from Homo. This volume focuses on the Tibetan macaque, a fascinating species with much to tell us about social behavior, physiology, complexity and the macaque knack for interfacing with humans. This book is doubly important for primatology in that beyond containing core information on this macaque species, it also reflects an effective integrated collaboration between Chinese scholars and a range of international colleagues—exactly the type of collaborative engagement primatology needs. This volume is a critical contribution to a global primatology. - Agustín Fuentes, Professor of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, USA. I have many fond memories of my association with Mt. Huangshan research beginning in 1983, when together with Professor Qishan Wang we established this site. It is such a beautiful place and I miss it. It is gratifying to see how far research has progressed since we began work there, becoming more internationalized and very much a collaborative endeavor under the long-term direction of Professor Jin-Hua Li and colleagues. This book highlights the increased interest in this species, representing a variety of disciplines ranging from macro aspects of behavior, cognition and sociality, to micro aspects of microbes, parasites and disease, authored by a group of renowned Chinese and international primatologists. I applaud their efforts and expect more interesting work to come from this site in the years ahead. - Kazuo Wada, Professor Emeritus, Kyoto University, Japan.

Entre las diversas expresiones de la inequidad social en la actualidad, se destaca la segmentación del sistema educativo, concepto que remite tanto a la presencia de circuitos escolares de distinta calidad como a la homogeneidad en la composición socioeconómica del público al que atienden. A través del presente artículo se pretende contribuir a la comprensión de este fenómeno en el contexto argentino. Luego de una breve exposición acerca del concepto, el panorama actual y las implicancias de la segmentación educativa en el país, se abordan las causas y la dinámica de la misma desde una doble perspectiva: 1) macro-social, para conocer las tendencias globales e históricas que actúan de marco para el sector educativo influyendo en su configuración actual, y 2) micro-social, porque resulta pertinente realizar un análisis institucional para identificar las pautas de comportamiento de los distintos agentes del sistema que, en su accionar cotidiano, puedan atentar contra su democratización. ; The segmentation of the educational system in Argentina may be identified as one of the main processes involved in the reproduction of social inequalities. This notion refers to the fact that the system is divided into groups of institutions of differential quality in which students are distributed according to their socioeconomic background. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the comprehension of this phenomenon. Following a brief exposition about the concept, the outlook, and the main implications of educational segmentation, its causes and dynamics are analyzed from a double perspective: 1) macro-social: in order to understand the global and historical trends which serve as a background and act as objective determinants; ii) micro-social: an institutional approach is proposed as a means to identify the behavioral patterns and norms involved in the determination of this particular configuration of the education system. ; Fil: Krüger, Natalia Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Economía. Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur; Argentina

The article discusses topical issues related to the current trends in the field of lending to population in Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify possible risks of individuals' actions in the market of credit services on the basis of analysis of statistical and sociological data. Based on the general scientific dialectic approaches used by the authors, the article shows dynamics of growth in the banks' loan portfolio, growth in lending volumes (banks and microfinance organizations), as well as households' debt from 2013 to 2019 in rubles and foreign currency (in general and in mortgages). Russian macro-regions are ranked by absolute indicator of debt and by its growth rate. Opportunities and risks have been identified for borrowers wishing to take advantage of the benefits provided by the State effective from April 2020 (refinancing, credit holidays). There were assessed the measures applied by the State, in particular, credit holidays for individuals and restrictions for banks in issuing loans through introduction of a mandatory debt load indicator, which will contribute to improvement of the current situation with huge debt and to reduction of social risks. Although in the long run — in terms of the overall impact on the country's economy — a reduction in public borrowing may reduce the contribution of consumer credit to economic growth and slow it down. It is concluded that despite the measures taken by the State, the existing level of the population borrowing is a great danger due to the reduction of income as the economic consequence of the coronavirus pandemic.

ABSTRACTThis article continues a recent trend of exploring the linkages between supply chain risk, resilience and decision‐making at an individual level. Specifically, the article reports the results of a behavioral study that explores whether and how the perceptions of supply chain risk and resilience influence the decisions made regarding the selection of a new source of critical components. The study uses a full factorial design for a scenario‐based role‐playing experiment involving over 1,000 valid responses drawn from multiple sampling pools including supply chain managers, students, and crowd‐sourced respondents. The results indicate that the perception of supply chain resilience—whether it is by systemic resilience communication, such as training or corporate pronouncements, or through personal exposure—significantly influences decision‐making, although personal exposure appears to have a stronger impact on the outcome. This relationship is significantly moderated by the risk propensity of the individual decision‐makers. The article concludes with a discussion of the results and their implication for both theory and practice. The discussion provides a framework for integrating the macro and micro levels by arguing that the micro issues can potentially moderate and mediate the relationships and findings observed at the macro level. Failure to integrate the micro effects can result in variance that the macro‐level analysis is unable to explain.

The subject matter of this dissertation is the economic analysis of the impacts of mental illnesses, especially addictions, and interventions into public health policy on individual behavior, on the distribution of mental health states and on public welfare. Globally, mental illnesses are highly prevalent, generate enormous economic costs and are accompanied by a high degree of psychological strain. Moreover, interventions into public health policy are a subject of public interest, what emphasizes the relevance of the topic. The objective of this work is to develop an understanding for the determinants of the distribution of mental health states and their dynamics in order to derive quantitative predictions. Optimization problems with state-dependent utility functions turned out to be an appropriate structure for the analysis on the micro level. Therefore they are analyzed in the second chapter. The third chapter deals with mental illnesses in general and rather abstract from particular clinical symptoms. It also comprises the formal analysis on the macro level as well as a calibration with OECD data and the simulation of policy interventions. Chapter 4 focuses on addiction in particular, while recovery is endogenous. It also covers a welfare analysis and an application on binge drinking behavior. ; Der Gegenstand dieser Dissertation ist die ökonomische Analyse der Auswirkungen von psychischen Erkrankungen, insbesondere Suchterkrankungen, und gesundheitspolitischen Eingriffen auf das Verhalten von Individuen, die Verteilung von Zuständen mentaler Gesundheit und auf das Wohlergehen von Gesellschaften. Mentale Erkrankungen weisen global eine hohe Prävalenz auf und gehen mit immensen ökonomischen Kosten und einem hohen Leidensdruck einher. Darüber hinaus sind gesundheitspolitische Eingriffe Gegenstand öffentlichen Interesses, was die offensichtliche ökonomische Relevanz der Thematik unterstreicht. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, ein Verständnis dafür zu entwickeln, was die Verteilung von Zuständen mentaler Gesundheit sowie deren Dynamik determiniert, um quantitative Vorhersagen ableiten zu können. Als geeignete Struktur auf mikroökonomischer Ebene haben sich Optimierungsprobleme mit zustandsabhängigen Nutzenfunktionen herausgestellt, welche im zweiten Kapitel näher untersucht werden. Das dritte Kapitel setzt sich mit mentalen Erkrankungen im Allgemeinen auseinander und abstrahiert dabei von den individuellen Erscheinungsbildern bestimmter Erkrankungen. Es umfasst die formale Analyse auf der Mikro- sowie auf der Makroebene, sowie die Kalibrierung mittels OECD-Daten und die Simulation gesundheitspolitischer Eingriffe. Kapitel 4 befasst sich mit Suchterkrankungen im Speziellen. Genesung ist hier endogenisiert. Es beinhaltet außerdem eine Wohlfahrtsanalyse sowie die Anwendung des Modells auf das Phänomen des "binge drinkings". ; VI, 133 Seiten

As one of the first texts to take a behavioral approach to macroeconomic expectations, this book introduces a new way of doing economics. Rötheli uses cognitive psychology in a bottom-up method of modeling macroeconomic expectations. His research is based on laboratory experiments and historical data, which he extends to real-world situations. Pattern extrapolation is shown to be the key to understanding expectations of inflation and income. The quantitative model of expectations is used to analyze the course of inflation and nominal interest rates in a range of countries and historical periods. The model of expected income is applied to the analysis of business cycle phenomena such as the great recession in the United States. Data and spreadsheets are provided for readers to do their own computations of macroeconomic expectations. This book offers new perspectives in many areas of macro and financial economics.

Bribery involves individuals exchanging material benefits for a service of a public institution. To understand the process of bribery we need to integrate measures of individual behaviour and institutional attributes rather than rely exclusively on surveys of individual perceptions and experience or macro-level corruption indexes of national institutions. This paper integrates institutional and behavioural measures to show that where you live and who you are have independent influence on whether a person pays a bribe. The analysis of 76 nationwide Global Corruption Barometer surveys from six continents provides a date set in which both institutional and individual differences vary greatly. Multi-level multivariate logit analysis is used to test hypotheses about the influence of institutional context and individual contact with public services, socio-economic inequalities and roles, and conflicting behavioural and ethical norms. It finds that path-determined histories of early bureaucratization or colonialism have a major impact after controlling for individual differences. At the individual level, people who frequently make use of public services and perceive government as corrupt are more likely to pay bribes, while socio-economic inequality has no significant influence. While institutional history cannot be changed, changing the design of public services is something that contemporary governors could do to reduce the vulnerability of their citizens to bribery.

AbstractA historical review and interpretation of the concepts of field theory, field, field of forces, and order parameter is provided. The historical meaning of these concepts in physics and in psychology is discussed, but emphasis is placed on applications to complex societal systems. Evidence for longitudinal attitude and expectancy change and for social learning is reviewed and interpreted. The mathematical formalization of the key concepts is discussed and representative equations presented. The evolution of the world system‐field over the next two decades is discussed and some likely sources of crises and reconfiguration pointed out. Policy implications of this evolution are noted.

PurposeThis paper aims at developing a behavioral agent-based model for interacting financial markets. Additionally, the effect of imposing Tobin taxes on market dynamics is explored.Design/methodology/approachThe agent-based approach is followed to capture the highly complex, dynamic nature of financial markets. The model represents the interaction between two different financial markets located in two countries. The artificial markets are populated with heterogeneous, boundedly rational agents. There are two types of agents populating the markets; market makers and traders. Each time step, traders decide on which market to participate in and which trading strategy to follow. Traders can follow technical trading strategy, fundamental trading strategy or abstain from trading. The time-varying weight of each trading strategy depends on the current and past performance of this strategy. However, technical traders are loss-averse, where losses are perceived twice the equivalent gains. Market makers settle asset prices according to the net submitted orders.FindingsThe proposed framework can replicate important stylized facts observed empirically such as bubbles and crashes, excess volatility, clustered volatility, power-law tails, persistent autocorrelation in absolute returns and fractal structure.Practical implicationsArtificial models linking micro to macro behavior facilitate exploring the effect of different fiscal and monetary policies. The results of imposing Tobin taxes indicate that a small levy may raise government revenues without causing market distortion or instability.Originality/valueThis paper proposes a novel approach to explore the effect of loss aversion on the decision-making process in interacting financial markets framework.

The aim of this research is to establish a methodological background for understating the real estate macro dynamics and the role played by architecture in explaining the real estate market value fluctuations. Although various models of the housing market fluctuations have been developed, the fundamental question of what drives the real estate market value is still peculiarly neglected. Housing market value fluctuations can be largely explained by macroeconomic fundamentals, housing market indicators as well as the social, political and cultural situation. After assessing these fundamentals of the real estate market value, other factors may be added such as short-term dynamics and irrational factors, contributing to an instantaneous unpredictability of the real estate market. Nowadays there is a belief in society that housing is an investment opportunity. An assumption can be made about the speculative and irrational nature of the housing market, having impact on the real estate market value. Comparing the housing market to the stock market, the housing market has much higher cost of carry and complicated administration to it; and therefore, the real estate market is highly inefficient. Because of the irrational nature of human behavior, similarly to stock prices, the housing market is driven by expectations. The originality of this research lies in the fact that irrationality of human behavior suggests looking at other sciences, with architecture being a tool to bring those irrationalities into the real estate market. Given that behavioral economics accounts for a significant part of irrationality of market behavior, the hypothesis can be ventured that architecture, as a human interaction in the process, can have its own causal role in fixing real estate market value.

The aim of this research is to establish a methodological background for understating the real estate macro dynamics and the role played by architecture in explaining the real estate market value fluctuations. Although various models of the housing market fluctuations have been developed, the fundamental question of what drives the real estate market value is still peculiarly neglected. Housing market value fluctuations can be largely explained by macroeconomic fundamentals, housing market indicators as well as the social, political and cultural situation. After assessing these undamentals of the real estate market value, other factors may be added such as short-term dynamics and irrational factors, contributing to an instantaneous unpredictability of the real estate market. Nowadays there is a belief in society that housing is an investment opportunity. An assumption can be made about the speculative and irrational nature of the housing market, having impact on the real estate market value. Comparing the housing market to the stock market, the housing market has much higher cost of carry and complicated administration to it; and therefore, the real estate market is highly inefficient. Because of the irrational nature of human behavior, similarly to stock prices, the housing market is driven by expectations. The originality of this research lies in the fact that irrationality of human behavior suggests looking at other sciences, with architecture being a tool to bring those irrationalities into the real estate market. Given that behavioral economics accounts for a significant part of irrationality of market behavior, the hypothesis can be ventured that architecture, as a human interaction in the process, can have its own causal role in fixing real estate market value.

The aim of this research is to establish a methodological background for understating the real estate macro dynamics and the role played by architecture in explaining the real estate market value fluctuations. Although various models of the housing market fluctuations have been developed, the fundamental question of what drives the real estate market value is still peculiarly neglected. Housing market value fluctuations can be largely explained by macroeconomic fundamentals, housing market indicators as well as the social, political and cultural situation. After assessing these undamentals of the real estate market value, other factors may be added such as short-term dynamics and irrational factors, contributing to an instantaneous unpredictability of the real estate market. Nowadays there is a belief in society that housing is an investment opportunity. An assumption can be made about the speculative and irrational nature of the housing market, having impact on the real estate market value. Comparing the housing market to the stock market, the housing market has much higher cost of carry and complicated administration to it; and therefore, the real estate market is highly inefficient. Because of the irrational nature of human behavior, similarly to stock prices, the housing market is driven by expectations. The originality of this research lies in the fact that irrationality of human behavior suggests looking at other sciences, with architecture being a tool to bring those irrationalities into the real estate market. Given that behavioral economics accounts for a significant part of irrationality of market behavior, the hypothesis can be ventured that architecture, as a human interaction in the process, can have its own causal role in fixing real estate market value.

The aim of this research is to establish a methodological background for understating the real estate macro dynamics and the role played by architecture in explaining the real estate market value fluctuations. Although various models of the housing market fluctuations have been developed, the fundamental question of what drives the real estate market value is still peculiarly neglected. Housing market value fluctuations can be largely explained by macroeconomic fundamentals, housing market indicators as well as the social, political and cultural situation. After assessing these fundamentals of the real estate market value, other factors may be added such as short-term dynamics and irrational factors, contributing to an instantaneous unpredictability of the real estate market. Nowadays there is a belief in society that housing is an investment opportunity. An assumption can be made about the speculative and irrational nature of the housing market, having impact on the real estate market value. Comparing the housing market to the stock market, the housing market has much higher cost of carry and complicated administration to it; and therefore, the real estate market is highly inefficient. Because of the irrational nature of human behavior, similarly to stock prices, the housing market is driven by expectations. The originality of this research lies in the fact that irrationality of human behavior suggests looking at other sciences, with architecture being a tool to bring those irrationalities into the real estate market. Given that behavioral economics accounts for a significant part of irrationality of market behavior, the hypothesis can be ventured that architecture, as a human interaction in the process, can have its own causal role in fixing real estate market value.

The aim of this research is to establish a methodological background for understating the real estate macro dynamics and the role played by architecture in explaining the real estate market value fluctuations. Although various models of the housing market fluctuations have been developed, the fundamental question of what drives the real estate market value is still peculiarly neglected. Housing market value fluctuations can be largely explained by macroeconomic fundamentals, housing market indicators as well as the social, political and cultural situation. After assessing these undamentals of the real estate market value, other factors may be added such as short-term dynamics and irrational factors, contributing to an instantaneous unpredictability of the real estate market. Nowadays there is a belief in society that housing is an investment opportunity. An assumption can be made about the speculative and irrational nature of the housing market, having impact on the real estate market value. Comparing the housing market to the stock market, the housing market has much higher cost of carry and complicated administration to it; and therefore, the real estate market is highly inefficient. Because of the irrational nature of human behavior, similarly to stock prices, the housing market is driven by expectations. The originality of this research lies in the fact that irrationality of human behavior suggests looking at other sciences, with architecture being a tool to bring those irrationalities into the real estate market. Given that behavioral economics accounts for a significant part of irrationality of market behavior, the hypothesis can be ventured that architecture, as a human interaction in the process, can have its own causal role in fixing real estate market value.