Suchergebnisse

Background: Birth weight (BW) is a strong predictor of neonatal outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare BWs between global regions (south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Central America) prospectively and to determine if trends exist in BW over time using the population-based maternal and newborn registry (MNHR) of the Global Network for Women'sand Children's Health Research (Global Network). Methods: The MNHR is a prospective observational population-based registryof six research sites participating in the Global Network (2013-2018), within five low- and middle-income countries (Kenya, Zambia, India, Pakistan, and Guatemala) in threeglobal regions (sub-Saharan Af rica, south Asia, Central America). The birth weights were obtained for all infants born during the study period. This was done either by abstracting from the infants' health facility records or from direct measurement by the registry staff for infants born at home. After controlling for demographic characteristics, mixed-effect regression models were utilized to examine regional differences in birth weights over time. Results: The overall BW meanswere higher for the African sites (Zambia and Kenya), 3186 g (SD 463 g) in 2013 and 3149 g (SD 449 g) in 2018, ascompared to Asian sites (Belagavi and Nagpur, India and Pakistan), 2717 g (SD450 g) in 2013 and 2713 g (SD 452 g) in 2018. The Central American site (Guatemala) had a mean BW intermediate between the African and south Asian sites, 2928 g (SD 452) in 2013, and 2874 g (SD 448) in 2018. The low birth weight (LBW) incidence was highest in the south Asian sites (India and Pakistan) and lowest in the African sites (Kenya and Zambia). The size of regional differences varied somewhat over time with slight decreases in the gap in birth weights between the African and Asian sites and slight increases in the gap between the African and Central American sites. Conclusions: Overall, BWmeans by global region did not change significantly over the 5-year study period. From 2013 to 2018, infants enrolled at the African sites demonstrated the highest BW means overall across the entire study period, particularly as compared to Asian sites. The incidence of LBW was highest in the Asian sites (India and Pakistan) compared to the African and Central American sites. Trial registration The study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov. ClinicalTrial.gov Trial Registration: NCT01073475.

Food banks provide support to individuals and families in need. Rising unemployment increases the number of people seeking their services.

Worldwide demographic changes and their implications for governments, corporations, and individuals have been in the focus of public interest for quite some time due to the fiscal risk related to adequate retirement benefits. Through a more detailed analysis of mortality data an additional type of risk can be identified: differences in mortality improvements by birth year, also known as "cohort effects." Previous contributions have, however, not formalized a suitable measure to further investigate mortality improvements but rather relied on graphical representations without particular focus on individual cohorts but groups of the overall population. No criterion to identify single birth year cohorts as select has been established. A simple criterion for identifying select cohorts is proposed and used here to what country mortality data reveals about the mortality and longevity experience of cohorts. Select cohorts are rare but can be quite different from surrounding cohorts and so may generate financial risks that need to be hedged naturally or artificially with new ART instruments.

Abstract
This study investigated four trend analysis models namely; linear, quadratic, semi log linear and semi log quadratic to study the pattern of live births registration in the Northern Region of Ghana. The study revealed that Semi log linear trend model is the best trend model for studying the pattern of live births registration in the Northern Region of Ghana based on AIC and BIC criteria. The study further fitted four existing fuzzy time series (FTS) models for forecasting live births registration in the Northern Region of Ghana. The Chen, Singh, Heuristic and Chen-Hsu models are the four models used to analyze the data.

Während die Weltbevölkerung insgesamt betrachtet noch stets zunimmt weisen einzelne Weltregionen und Länder regional unterschiedliche Trends auf. Geburten, Sterbefälle und Wanderungen sind zudem einem kontinuierlichen Wandel unterworfen. Diese Bevölkerungsprozesse stehen heute im Mittelpunkt einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung, wie sie von den Vereinten Nationen mit der Agenda 2030 und den nachhaltigen Entwicklungszielen (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs) verfolgt wird. Zur nachhaltigen Gestaltung menschlicher Entwicklung ist es erforderlich, die Ursachen und Herausforderungen des demografischen Wandels zu verstehen, um die künftige Bevölkerungsentwicklung besser einschätzen und ihren Einfluss auf Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Umwelt berücksichtigen zu können. Die Broschüre bietet in 12 knappen Kapiteln mit Abbildungen und Karten einen aktuellen Überblick zur globalen Bevölkerungsdynamik im Kontext nachhaltiger Entwicklung.

SummaryThe strong association of very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500 g) with infant mortality is well known. There are no data related to VLBW trends in Brazil although findings from some large surveys carried out in small- and medium-sized cities have demonstrated an increase in low birth weight (LBW; <2500 g) rates over the last 30 years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the secular trend of VLBW in the city of Porto Alegre, a large city in a developed area in southern Brazil, and the potential determinants of this trend during the 1990s and early 2000s. This is a registry-based study. Data were obtained from birth certificates of all live births in the city from 1994 to 2005. The variables analysed were: VLBW as the dependent variable and maternal age and schooling, type of delivery, type of hospital, number of live births, gestational age, newborn gender and unemployment rate. The incidence ratio rate (IRR) using Poisson regression was calculated to identify possible trends in VLBW rates. Poisson regressions were performed in order to assess the influence of some independent variables on VLBW. A total of 257,740 singleton newborns were delivered in the city during the period, with a steady reduction in the total number of live births per year from 23,296 in 1994 to 18,325 in 2005. The results showed a small but significant increase in VLBW (p for trend=0.049). There was a significant trend towards adequacy for gestational age per birth weight, suggesting a reduction in rates of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (p<0.001). The findings showed a significant increase of 1% per year in the probability of VLBW. The main risk factors were related to VLBW mothers with low levels of schooling, public hospitals and multiparity and nulliparity. After adjustment, nulliparity remained as a significant risk factor. The interaction between type of hospital and type of delivery indicated that the probability for VLBW was 3.6 times
higher (p<0.001) among those born in public hospitals by Caesarean section than those born in private hospitals by vaginal delivery. The results show that southern Brazil is going through a demographic transition characterized by a significant decrease in number of live births associated with a small increase in VLBW rates, a decrease in IUGR rates and stabilization of LBW.

Objective: to evaluate the Information System on Live Births in São Luís/MA referring to the mother, child and pregnancy. Method: this is a longitudinal and retrospective study. Data collection was performed in 2012, with a population of 18,065 live births in the Declaration of live birth. The calculation of the percentage of incomplete classification criterion of scale Romero and Cunha was carried out. Results: the Information System on Live Births in São Luís/MA showed fair to excellent completeness for most variables. Maternal and infant variables with excellent completeness were maternal age, marital status, education, sex of child, weight and Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes. The highest percentages of incompleteness were the variables gestational age, mother's occupation, number of children living and dead. Conclusions: the estimated coverage of the Information System of live birth showed a regular completeness.

Background: The ethnic profile of Qatar is a combination of its indigenous peoples (Qataris) and non-resident foreigners (non-Qataris). Its population has increased dramatically during the last 30 years to around 1.9 m (although only 15% are Qataris) leading to an increase in the number of local births. A recent unexpected surge in births has lead to a need to re-evaluate the trends in birth numbers and develop more reliable predictions for both near- (2015) and far-term (2025) annual numbers of births to support the many healthcare planning initiatives which are currently underway. Methods: There is considerable information already available in Qatar which can facilitate such a study. This paper collates these various data, charts and investigates their visible trends and develops a simple mathematical model which projects the annual number of births which might reasonably be expected to emerge later in this decade and beyond. Results: The Qatari sub-population has maintained a reliable linear increase in birth numbers since data first began to be collected. The births among the non-GCC and Asian sub-populations are the primary cause of the recent nonlinear increase which can be well-described in the near-term by a simple quadratic curve. Far-term projections require a non-linear mathematical model which combines the regular linear increase among the Qataris with an exponentially decreasing demand for "in-Qatar" births from the non-Qataris. The trend for multiple births in Qatar (i.e. the annual number of live-born twins, triplets etc.) has shown significant increases during the last 20 years but may be reaching a plateau. Among Qataris the numbers have been higher but – at least for triplets and higher-order births – this gap has decreased in the last few years. It appears that the increase in multiple births has been associated with the current expansion of IVF programs and other forms of assisted conception in Qatar. Conclusions: The annual number of births in Qatar has recently shown a significant departure from its previous trend, requiring a radical reassessment of future projections. There has also been a concomitant increase in multiple births which has been associated with the expansion of IVF programs and other forms of assisted conception. A simple quadratic model predicts that there will be ∼22,500 births in 2015, of which ∼8,000 will be Qatari. A far-term projection for 2025 suggests that this number is likely to rise to ∼27,000 but with some small additional increase yet to come.