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This research examines the extent to which organizational professional orientation, client perceived needs, and client characteristics jointly determine long-term care service delivery to a frail elderly population. The study uses primary data collected from 16 community networks that were part of a national demonstration of the Living at Home Program, conducted from 1986 to 1989. Data include baseline assessments of individuals enrolled at each site, subsequent utilization data, and data on community network characteristics. Site professional orientation has a significant role in determining services provided to clients, with social service agencies more likely to provide nonmedical services and less likely to provide skilled-care services. Despite systematic site variation in the services provided to individuals, sites appear to reasonably allocate resources among individuals with differing levels offunctional disability.

Are certain kinds of candidates more likely to do better in elections than others? Using a unique dataset on the characteristics of candidates in elections in the north Indian state of Haryana, this study finds that certain candidate characteristics are associated with greater vote shares.

Summary
Scholarship on what constitutes the major characteristics of China's diplomacy lacks consensus. This essay argues that many of what have been considered the distinct features of China's diplomacy are the common features of all diplomacy, rather than specifically those of China's diplomacy. These distinctive characteristics can be understood from historical and cross-national comparisons, and include strong self-consciousness of and emphasis on its distinction, the declining significance of diplomacy accompanied by the rise of power, the unified leadership of the the Chinese Communist Party, remarkable cultural features and the Chinese leadership's personal style.

I use a consumer choice model for the British supermarket industry to compare the incentives of firms, selecting store characteristics, with the interests of consumers. I perform a series of counterfactual changes to store size and location and rank the alternatives by gains per unit of fixed cost. Jointly, firms gain most from large stores, which increase total consumer expenditure. Individually, however, firm incentives are strongly influenced by business‐stealing effects, resulting in a close agreement with consumers, who value middle‐sized stores and distance‐reducing relocations. These individual firm incentives provide little consumer‐protection justification for recent size and location regulations.

Unemployment in the United Kingdom has now probably begun to rise. This note is based on an analysis of the figures during the last 10-15 years; its purpose is to show—mainly in chart form— some of the characteristics of unemployment in this country.

Formation of a new type of human personality, Homo Virtualis is discussed, and peculiarities of its psychological characteristics are investigated.

A philistine is a person who tends to present himself/herself as being more worthy then he/she is indeed. This phenomenon has its origin in the social class of the petty bourgeoisie that appeared on the historical scene in the from of petty shopkeepers and craftsmen. The petty bourgeoisie can be seen as a social class, but, as philistinism, it can be seen as a form of a person's behavior determined by his/her specific mental structure. The following characteristics can be ascribed to a philistine: egoism, hatred, envy, and extreme moods. Competition for success is an important philistine's characteristic. A philistine uses etiquette as a means of his/her resourcefulness. As a result of social changes, on the social and cultural scene there are some new forms of philistinism called 'sponsorship'.

Over the past 30 years, scholars and activists have called on the Chinese government to ease the registration and oversight rules for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and to increase funding for such organizations by, among other things, broadening the charitable deduction. While China has made significant progress in this regard, the government continues to throw up roadblocks for NGOs, suggesting that it has not fully embraced this path. This Article considers the extent to which the justifications for a broad charitable deduction adduced in the West make sense in China. The goal is to develop a normative basis for the deduction consistent with Chinese values and interests that Chinese authorities would find compelling. This Article also considers the extent to which China's political and social culture may affect efforts to foster an autonomous civil society through a broad charitable deduction. I conclude that even if China were to adopt Western-style laws governing NGOs and provide for a broad charitable deduction, China's culture would shape both how government officials implement the laws and how the Chinese people respond to them, resulting in a distinct system of charity with Chinese characteristics.