Suchergebnisse

This article focus on the accessibility of pharmaceuticals reimbursed from the compulsory health insurance fund (CHIF) budget in terms of prices in 2009–2015. Data on CHIF budget expenditure on reimbursed pharmaceuticals and patients co-payment for pharmaceuticals were obtained from the database of the National health insurance fund under the Ministry of Health. The major part of CHIF budget expenditure (45–48%) was used to cover the cost of pharmaceuticals for oncology and cardiovascular diseases at 100% and 80% reimbursement level in 2009–2015. CHIF budget expenditure on reimbursed pharmaceuticals and reimbursed per prescription, patients co-payment for pharmaceuticals decreased in 2009–2011, however, these indicators increased in 2012– 2015. Patients' co-payment for reimbursed pharmaceuticals was 26.91% of CHIF budget expenditure in 2009–2015. The highest patients co-payments were paid for cardiovascular diseases pharmaceuticals at 80% reimbursement level whereas the lowest co-payments for oncology pharmaceuticals at 100% reimbursement level. The highest co-payments for reimbursed pharmaceuticals were paid by the patients of working age (18–65) and retirement age (65+). Furthermore, the major part of CHIF budget expenditure (95%) was used to cover the cost of reimbursed pharmaceuticals for both patients groups, especially for working age patients. Although the state government and other government institutions, in implementing the pharmaceutical reimbursement policy, applied various measures to improve accessibility for reimbursed pharmaceuticals, however, the accessibility of reimbursed pharmaceuticals for patients (especially for those of the retirement age of 65+) was ensured in the short term (2009–2011).

Contents: Do we need compulsory public health insurance: yes, by I. M. Rubinow; Same: no, by R. G. Leland and A. M. Simons; Alternatives to compulsory public health insurance, by Pierce Williams.

From 1915 to 1920, Progressive reformers led a spirited but unsuccessful crusade for compulsory health insurance in New York State. Beatrix Hoffman shows that this first health insurance campaign was a crucial moment in the creation of the American welfare state and health care system

This paper applies the economic analysis of law through the question of under what conditions should insurance be made compulsory. A distinction is made between first-party (victim) insurance and third-party (liability) insurance. It is argued that under some circumstances compulsory victim insurance may be indicated, for example, when information problems or externalities arise. The major argument in favour of compulsory liability insurance is insolvency of the potential injurer. His insolvency may lead to underdeterrence. This can be cured through making the purchase of insurance compulsory. However, equally a few limits and warnings with respect to the introduction of a duty to insure are presented. If the moral hazard problem cannot be cured or if insurance is not sufficiently available, making insurance compulsory may create more problems than it cures. Also, it is argued that a major disadvantage of compulsory insurance is that it may make governments too dependent on the insurance market.