Fueling Conflict? (De)Escalation and Bilateral Aid
In: CESifo Working Paper Series No. 6125
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In: CESifo Working Paper Series No. 6125
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Working paper
In: Political psychology: journal of the International Society of Political Psychology, Volume 40, Issue 6, p. 1251-1266
ISSN: 1467-9221
Security dilemma theorists have long recognized the importance of empathy to the de‐escalation of conflict between actors caught in security dilemma dynamics, but they have left empathy undertheorized and have neglected to recognize its deeply contested nature. This article responds to this omission by bringing multidisciplinary literature on empathy to bear on security dilemma thinking. Contrary to some contemporary empathy research that draws attention to its automatic, unconscious, and intuitive properties, the article highlights the deliberate, effortful, and reflexive capacity to empathize across complex social contexts such as security dilemma dynamics. It shows how empathy of this kind can lead actors to moderate their positions on key issues at the heart of a conflict, reinterpret their interests, and broaden the zone of possible agreement between themselves and an adversary. The article demonstrates these notions empirically by locating empathy within the de‐escalation of tensions between the United States and Iran between 2009 and 2016. Drawing on primary interview material with former U.S. officials, the argument is made that the development of specific empathic capacities by key U.S. officials played an important and unrecognized role in the de‐escalation of security dilemma dynamics between the United States and Iran.
In: American anthropologist: AA, Volume 104, Issue 1, p. 353-354
ISSN: 1548-1433
Dynamics of Violence: Processes of Escalation and De‐ Escalation in Violent Group Conflicts. Sociologus, Special Publication 1. Georg Elvert. Stephen Feuchtwang. and Dieter Neubert. eds. Berlin: Duncker and Humblot, 1999 290 pp.
In: Asian security studies
In: Small wars & insurgencies, Volume 24, Issue 1, p. 28-56
ISSN: 1743-9558
In: Small wars & insurgencies, Volume 24, Issue 1, p. 28-56
ISSN: 0959-2318
World Affairs Online
In: The journal of strategic studies, Volume 35, Issue 5, p. 601-612
ISSN: 0140-2390
The present paper documents the various versions of a coding schedule, which has been developed by the Peace Research Group Konstanz. It serves as a basis for the qualitative and quantitative content analysis of escalation- and de-escalation-oriented aspects of conflict coverage in the news media. Designed for coder training, the paper presents the checklist of escalation- vs. de-escalation-oriented aspects along with a catalog of examples from empirical case studies on various conflict regions. The latter may help to get a better understanding of the dimensions and variables of the coding schedule. ; Der vorliegende Aufsatz dokumentiert die verschiedenen Fassungen eines von der Projektgruppe Friedensforschung Konstanz für die qualitative und quantitative Inhaltsanalyse eskalations- und deeskalationsorientierter Aspekte der Konfliktberichterstattung in den Nachrichtenmedien entwickelten Kodierschemas. Zur Förderung eines besseres Verständnis seiner verschiedenen Dimensionen und Variablen wird die aktuelle Fassung des Kodierschemas um einen Katalog von Beispielen aus empirischen Fallstudien zu einer Vielzahl von Konfliktregionen ergänzt.
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In: IEEE transactions on engineering management: EM ; a publication of the IEEE Engineering Management Society, Volume 56, Issue 1, p. 76-94
In: Small wars & insurgencies, Volume 31, Issue 7-8, p. 1395-1414
ISSN: 1743-9558
In: Small wars & insurgencies, Volume 31, Issue 7/8, p. 1395-1414
ISSN: 1743-9558
World Affairs Online
In: Peace and conflict: journal of peace psychology ; the journal of the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence, Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association, Volume 24, Issue 1, p. 54-63
ISSN: 1532-7949
BACKGROUND: The severity of COVID-19, as well as the speed and scale of its spread, has posed a global challenge. Countries around the world have implemented stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) to control transmission and prevent health systems from being overwhelmed. These NPI have had profound negative social and economic impacts. With the timeline to worldwide vaccine roll-out being uncertain, governments need to consider to what extent they need to implement and how to de-escalate these NPI. This rapid review collates de-escalation criteria reported in the literature to provide a guide to criteria that could be used as part of de-escalation strategies globally. METHODS: We reviewed literature published since 2000 relating to pandemics and infectious disease outbreaks. The searches included Embase.com (includes Embase and Medline), LitCovid, grey literature searching, reference harvesting and citation tracking. Over 1,700 documents were reviewed, with 39 documents reporting de-escalation criteria included in the final analysis. Concepts retrieved through a thematic analysis of the included documents were interlinked to build a conceptual dynamic de-escalation framework. RESULTS: We identified 52 de-escalation criteria, the most common of which were clustered under surveillance (cited by 43 documents, 10 criteria e.g. ability to actively monitor confirmed cases and contact tracing), health system capacity (cited by 30 documents, 11 criteria, e.g. ability to treat all patients within normal capacity) and epidemiology (cited by 28 documents, 7 criteria, e.g. number or changes in case numbers). De-escalation is a gradual and bi-directional process, and resurgence of infections or emergence of variants of concerns can lead to partial or full re-escalation(s) of response and control measures in place. Hence, it is crucial to rely on a robust public health surveillance system. CONCLUSIONS: This rapid review focusing on de-escalation within the context of COVID-19 provides a conceptual framework and a guide to criteria that countries can use to formulate de-escalation plans.
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BACKGROUND: The severity of COVID-19, as well as the speed and scale of its spread, has posed a global challenge. Countries around the world have implemented stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) to control transmission and prevent health systems from being overwhelmed. These NPI have had profound negative social and economic impacts. With the timeline to worldwide vaccine roll-out being uncertain, governments need to consider to what extent they need to implement and how to de-escalate these NPI. This rapid review collates de-escalation criteria reported in the literature to provide a guide to criteria that could be used as part of de-escalation strategies globally. METHODS: We reviewed literature published since 2000 relating to pandemics and infectious disease outbreaks. The searches included Embase.com (includes Embase and Medline), LitCovid, grey literature searching, reference harvesting and citation tracking. Over 1,700 documents were reviewed, with 39 documents reporting de-escalation criteria included in the final analysis. Concepts retrieved through a thematic analysis of the included documents were interlinked to build a conceptual dynamic de-escalation framework. RESULTS: We identified 52 de-escalation criteria, the most common of which were clustered under surveillance (cited by 43 documents, 10 criteria e.g. ability to actively monitor confirmed cases and contact tracing), health system capacity (cited by 30 documents, 11 criteria, e.g. ability to treat all patients within normal capacity) and epidemiology (cited by 28 documents, 7 criteria, e.g. number or changes in case numbers). De-escalation is a gradual and bi-directional process, and resurgence of infections or emergence of variants of concerns can lead to partial or full re-escalation(s) of response and control measures in place. Hence, it is crucial to rely on a robust public health surveillance system. CONCLUSIONS: This rapid review focusing on de-escalation within the context of COVID-19 provides a conceptual framework and a ...
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Background The severity of COVID-19, as well as the speed and scale of its spread, has posed a global challenge. Countries around the world have implemented stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) to control transmission and prevent health systems from being overwhelmed. These NPI have had profound negative social and economic impacts. With the timeline to worldwide vaccine roll-out being uncertain, governments need to consider to what extent they need to implement and how to de-escalate these NPI. This rapid review collates de-escalation criteria reported in the literature to provide a guide to criteria that could be used as part of de-escalation strategies globally. Methods We reviewed literature published since 2000 relating to pandemics and infectious disease outbreaks. The searches included Embase.com (includes Embase and Medline), LitCovid, grey literature searching, reference harvesting and citation tracking. Over 1,700 documents were reviewed, with 39 documents reporting de-escalation criteria included in the final analysis. Concepts retrieved through a thematic analysis of the included documents were interlinked to build a conceptual dynamic de-escalation framework. Results We identified 52 de-escalation criteria, the most common of which were clustered under surveillance (cited by 43 documents, 10 criteria e.g. ability to actively monitor confirmed cases and contact tracing), health system capacity (cited by 30 documents, 11 criteria, e.g. ability to treat all patients within normal capacity) and epidemiology (cited by 28 documents, 7 criteria, e.g. number or changes in case numbers). De-escalation is a gradual and bi-directional process, and resurgence of infections or emergence of variants of concerns can lead to partial or full re-escalation(s) of response and control measures in place. Hence, it is crucial to rely on a robust public health surveillance system. Conclusions This rapid review focusing on de-escalation within the context of COVID-19 provides a conceptual framework and a guide ...
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