Suchergebnisse

On 28 January 2009, the Government of India constituted the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) through a Gazette notification. The main aim was to "generate and assign UID to residents", where UID refers to "Unique Identity". The brand name "Aadhaar" (meaning "foundation" in some Indian languages) and a logo followed. The Aadhaar project came to be seen as one of the flagship schemes of the second United Progressive Alliance (UPA-2) government (2009-2014).

Abstract
This article argues that Elysium communicates a 'critical dystopia' that illuminates and interrogates global capitalism's worst social, political, ecological and technological conditions and shows them being resisted and changed, for the better. To this end, our article's first section contextualizes Elysium by building upon recent studies of global Hollywood, the genre characteristics and politics of science fiction films and 'critical dystopia'. The second section interprets Elysium's dystopian future of society, the state, environment and technology, and argues it forwards a critique of present-day global capitalism's class divisions and dispossessions, neo-liberal security state, ecological catastrophe and militarized technology. The third section excavates Elysium's alternative to the fictional and actual dystopic conditions of capitalism the film critiques, thereby liberating the film's imminent utopian content from the cage of its commodity form. The conclusion addresses some important criticisms of Elysium's politics: its perpetuation of Hollywood's 'white saviour' trope, regressive gender dynamics, and 'single point of failure' fantasy. Despite these problems, Elysium still has value as a critical dystopian film.

Utopia and dystopia designate the human dream of happiness and the human nightmare of despair when these are assigned a place (topos) in space or time. Since narrative literature "is essentially an imitation not of persons but of action and life, of happiness and misery," Utopian and dystopian inventions are mere extremes of literature's ongoing story. In realistic fictions, although social circumstances may range from the incidental to the decisive, the story of the movement to happiness or unhappiness is usually told in terms of individual achievement and failure. In the Utopian and anti-utopian scheme deliverance or damnation depend on the place where one has found oneself, whether it is "the good place" or "the bad place." Although Utopias are allegorical constructs of the rational mind, attempting to bring order to the disorder of life, their denial of what is for the sake of what ought to be makes them a species of fantasy literature–a dream of reason.