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In this paper we analyze the trading behavior of major market participants around switches from section 2 to section 1 of the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE). Previous research has shown that firms switching to section 1 earn significant positive abnormal returns around the switch date. It has been argued that the abnormal returns earned by these firms are driven by the trading strategies of a few large mutual funds that dominate trading on the TSE. If these large mutual funds have prior information about impending switches, and are exploiting this information, their trading strategies would be more obvious in periods when a large number of firms switch to section 1. Based on the observation that a much larger proportion of firms switch to section 1 in September than in other months, we examine the pricing and trading volume behavior of firms switching to section 1 in September and other months during the years 1984–1992. We find significantly higher abnormal returns for firms switching in September than in other months. Also, firms switching in September experience a significant and persistent increase in excess trading volume compared with firms switching in other months. Taken in conjunction with the abnormal return results, this evidence is consistent with a persistent buying behavior on the part of large mutual funds prior to an impending switch to section 1.

This study analyzes the agricultural performance of two regions of Uttar Pradesh (UP), Eastern UP and Bundelkhand, representing two distinct agrarian systems: the former falling mostly within the Gangetic plains and the latter being dry land. Despite the regional differences, it appears that differences in the levels of productivity and net incomes earned in the case of major crops cultivated are more specific to class than region. The study raises the broader question: What explains the lower crop productivity and output and the higher costs of production and meager returns from cultivation of the lower-class cultivators? The mainstream economic explanations for this question are mostly confined to factors related to technology and state policy. While acknowledging that these factors are important, it is argued that the existing agrarian relations also play an important role in lowering crop productivity and profitability in the study areas and, therefore, these must also be considered in an ideal analytical framework for understanding agrarian change in the countryside.

Family structures and the performance of roles by individual family members are based on established social norms and patterns. The volatility of the environment more and more often forces, especially working parents, to constantly adapt to emerging challenges, which requires looking for a balance in performing different roles.In the literature on the subject, more and more attention is paid to the occurrence of conflicts and difficulties related to the sharing of time and resources between various activities of people. Recent changes caused by the pandemic have revealed difficulties in reconciling various spheres of life, especially for working parents. One of the areas that has been modified is the change in the roles played by working parents.The aim of the article was to show whether and how the pandemic influenced changes in roles in families. This article contains a review of the literature on the subject and an analysis of the results of nationwide questionnaire surveys conducted during the pandemic on a sample of 10,331 respondents. As part of the issues related to the roles performed by working parents, a research hypothesis was formulated, assuming that the pandemic affected the roles performed by working parents.The analysis of the research showed that during the pandemic, the commitment to fulfilling family and professional roles has changed, and gender is the dominant factor influencing the scope of performing family roles. The pandemic has only reinforced inequalities in the division of responsibilities among working parents. In addition, analyzes have shown that one of the reasons for the unequal division of roles in families is the income earned by spouses/partners.

After the introduction of the then Article F.1 TEU by the Amsterdam Treaty, later supplemented by the Nice Treaty, Hungary has earned the dubious reputation to be the first Member State against which an Article 7 TEU procedure has been triggered. While the predominantly political process is apparently stalled for the time being, the Court had to deal with various aspects of the deteriorating rule of law situation. Although forming part of an undeniably fragmented approach, the Court's judgments nevertheless clearly attest the retrogressive developments in Hungary since 2010. The analysis of the Court's jurisprudence is based on the qualitative measurement of the rule of law indicators drawn up by the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe. The identification of the cases pertinent to our investigation presents a challenge by itself as there is no label attached to a case dossier titled "rule of law". In addition, several relevant cases deal with issues which prima facie do not have a bearing on this topic. Thus, e.g. the case relating to the radical lowering of the retirement age for Hungarian judges apparently revolves around age discrimination in the workplace while in fact these measures were politically motivated and had an adverse effect on judicial independence. The subject-matter of the cases identified so far range from the independence of the judiciary and regulatory bodies to the functioning of NGOs and higher education institutions; from the criminalisation of assistance for asylum seekers to the judicial challenge of the conditionality regulation. Most cases are infringement proceedings initiated by the European Commission but the Court was also turned upon through preliminary reference or actions for annulment. By analysing the submissions of the parties, the opinions of the Advocate General as well as the Court's assessment thereof, the paper aims to evaluate the role of the Court: its potential and the limitations. While not denying the Court's contribution to the provision of consistent ...

This article discusses the role of evidence-based media advocacy in the promotion of tobacco control policies. Evidence is a driving force for campaigns seeking to implement a tobacco control policy. An effective campaign is based in evidence that demonstrates why a policy should be implemented, and what the potential benefits are. Media advocacy is the process of disseminating information through the communications media where the aim is to effect action, such as a change of policy, or to alter the public's view of an issue. Discussion focuses on: 1) the importance of, and methods for, collecting and communicating evidence and information to make it clear and usable for legislators, the media, and the public; and 2) the role of earned and paid media in advancing tobacco control issues. The discussion is made within the context of a specific advocacy example; in this case the 2010 campaign to increase the tobacco tax in Mexico. ; Este artículo presenta el papel que desempeña la abogacía en los medios de comunicación, mediante información basada en evidencia para la promoción de mejores políticas del control del tabaco. La evidencia es la fuerza impulsora de las campañas destinadas a promover una política de control de tabaco. Una campaña efectiva se basa en evidencia que demuestra por qué la política debe ser implementada, e indica los beneficios posibles. Abogar en los medios es el proceso de difusión de la información a través de medios de comunicación donde el objetivo es llevar a cabo una acción, por ejemplo un cambio de política, o alterar la visión del público sobre un tema. El manuscrito se concentra en: 1) la importancia de, y los métodos para, la recopilación y comunicación de datos e información para que sea clara y útil para los legisladores, medios de comunicación y el público; y 2) el papel de los medios y medios pagados comerciales en impulsar acciones para el control del tabaco. El manuscrito se enfoca en el contexto de un ejemplo de promoción específica, en este caso la campaña de 2010 para ...

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the household income of families with children. Our specific interest was the earned income losses during the COVID‐19 pandemic, and how social transfers have mitigated those losses. We assessed the monthly income levels by comparing the information on the year prior to pandemic to income levels during COVID‐19 pandemic. We found that the pandemic affected all studied subgroups of families with children, with the most negative economic influence in May 2020. In addition, our results indicate that in Finland the social transfers protected fairly well against the negative economic impacts of the pandemic among families with children, especially among vulnerable families (those with lowest income level prior COVID‐19, with low parental education, single‐parent families and families with non‐Finnish‐born parents). The information gained from this analysis can be useful in economic recovery during and after COVID‐19 pandemic, and when preparing for future challenges.

Mohamud A Verjee,1 Mariam Ali Abdulmalik,2 Michael D Fetters31Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation – Education City, Doha, Qatar; 2Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar; 3Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Michigan, USAAbstract: Family medicine is a focus of health care in Qatar, and it has emerged as a primary care pioneer in the Arabian Gulf Region. Strong governmental financial support has underpinned family medicine development in the country, and through proactive health care policy, free or highly affordable health care is available to all citizens and expatriates in primary health care centers and hospitals. An Ivy League and world-class medical school, Weill Cornell Medical College in New York established a second campus in Qatar in 2001, and enrolled its first students in 2002. The inaugural class graduated in 2008, including one graduate who matched to a family medicine residency in the United States. The College has already earned a reputation for an emphasis on cultural sensitivity in the curriculum. Qatar also has a well-established family medicine residency program overseen by the Primary Health Care Corporation. Its inaugural class of family medicine residents began training in 1995 and graduated in 1999. In contrast to a trend of fluctuating interest in family medicine training in many developed countries, the demand for residency slots in Qatar has been consistently high. Since November 2012, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-International has approved all hospital-based residency positions. Formed in 2012, the Primary Health Care Corporation is dedicated to achieving accreditation for the family medicine residency in the near future. In 2011, Qatar's 147 family physicians comprised about 18% of the total physician workforce. Through extended hours of operation at health centers, patients have ready access for acute care and follow-up consultations. Still, Qatar faces challenges including a projected population expansion from about 1.9 million in 2013 to 2.5 million people by 2020. Qatar's National Primary Health Care Strategic Steering Group has recently submitted a new primary health care strategy to the government and identifies 12 challenges for the future of family medicine. Among these, ensuring access to clinical services that are patient and family centered, addressing the shortage of family physicians, expanding academic capacity, and increasing scholarly output are manifest.Keywords: family medicine, Qatar, undergraduate medical education, residency training, Arabian Gulf Region

People support welfare policy if its beneficiaries are perceived as deserving of support. This study found that individuals' cultural worldviews play a role in assessing the deservingness of welfare recipients. We investigated whether four different cultural profiles find some beneficiaries to be more deserving than others and how this relates to support for social rights (welfare benefit, retraining, job coach) and obligations (mandatory volunteering). A Dutch vignette experiment showed that reasons for supporting social rights differ between people with different cultural profiles: equality advocates grant support if beneficiaries areneedy, while the centre and trusting groups do so when beneficiariesreciprocate. We found that irrespective of deservingness, people with equality‐advocating and trusting profiles tend to be more supportive of social rights, whereas socially discontented citizens tend to emphasise the importance of obligations. In general, obliging beneficiaries to do volunteer work was deemed appropriate by almost all respondents in the study, whereas their cultural values determined the ways in which they considered social rights to have been earned.

Cover -- Title Page -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Table of Cases -- Table of Legislation -- Introduction -- Research Questions -- Findings and Arguments -- Scope -- Choice of Instruments -- Structure -- 1. Mutual Recognition: From Passive to Active Recognition -- Introduction -- Overview of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice -- Origins of Mutual Recognition -- Transfer of Mutual Recognition to the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice -- Typology and Operation of Mutual Recognition -- Development of Mutual Recognition -- Models of Mutual Recognition -- From a Passive to an Active Model of Mutual Recognition -- Seeking Equivalence and a Role for Proportionality? -- Conclusion -- 2. Mutual Trust: From Blind to Gained Trust -- Introduction -- Mutual Trust in the Framework Decision on the European Arrest Warrant -- Mutual Trust in the Dublin III Regulation -- Evolution of Trust -- Blind Trust -- The FDEAW -- Dublin System -- Qualified System of Trust -- Trust Based on Individual Assessment? -- Age of Distrust? -- Brexit and Distrust -- Rule of Law Crisis and Mutual Trust -- ECtHR Threshold: Flagrant Denial of Justice -- Criticism and Commentary -- Grounds for Pragmatic Earned Trust -- Conclusion -- 3. Deconstructing Proportionality -- Introduction -- Early Philosophical Foundations -- Emergence of a Legal Doctrine -- Structure of the Proportionality-based Analysis -- Legitimate Objective -- Suitability and Necessity -- Challenges and Limits -- Proportionality in EU Law -- Conclusion -- 4. The Quest for Balancing in the AFSJ Case Law: Needle in a Haystack -- Introduction -- Protection of Victims in Criminal Proceedings Case Law -- European Arrest Warrant Case Law -- Kozłowski -- I.B. -- Leyman -- Wolzenburg -- Lopes Da Silva -- Jeremy F -- Radu -- Melloni -- Aranyosi and Căldăraru -- LM and the Essence of the Rights -- Remarks.

Purpose – This is an exploratory research aimed at unveiling many myths surrounding the prevalence of poverty in the Nigerian State of Sokoto. It attempts to disclose the failure of previous conventional poverty-alleviation programs and suggests ways to reinvigorate the development of waqf properties to achieve sustainable poverty alleviation in the State. Methodology – Qualitative approach is adopted in conducting the research and the data is collected through relevant literature survey, face-to-face interview, observation and archival studies. Descriptive technique is used in analyzing the data.Findings – It becomes certain that poverty in Sokoto State remains resistant to all successive conventional measures of its alleviation. It is discovered that the potentials of waqf are not adequately harnessed for sustainable poverty alleviation. Thus, there is a need for re-focusing the activities of waqf institution towards achieving the ultimate goal. Consequences – Weak management of waqf properties amounts to waste of hard-earned resources. While prevalence of poverty culminates in the rising rate of ignorance, unemployment, hunger, diseases and social vices.Suggestion- All stakeholders in the phenomenon; arms of government, the rich, scholars and the general public, should be alive to their respective responsibilities. Unlike zakah that has confinements and limitations, waqf has an open-ended pooling system that can squarely tackle the problem of poverty if professionally managed. Keywords: micro-small-and-medium enterprises (MSMEs), Nigeria, poverty alleviation, Sokoto, waqf.

This study examines how public employees and citizens exercise administrative discretion in a dilemma. To identify and compare the moral reasoning underlying discretionary choices, we conducted a conjoint experiment among public employees, future civil servants, and lay citizens in Germany. In the conjoint, respondents were forced to prioritize between two equally eligible welfare claimants. Claimants' profiles vary concerning attributes reflecting earned-deservingness (e.g., non-self-inflicted welfare dependency), need-deservingness (e.g., dependent children), and attributes that can be used for unlawful discrimination (e.g., nationality). While some signs of discrimination exist, need-deservingness is the most important factor shaping respondents' prioritization choices. More importantly, we find no substantial differences in prioritization choices among public employees and citizens, indicating congruence in moral reasoning. From these findings, we conclude that efforts to reflect on national prejudices in the education of civil servants should be intensified, and a renewed emphasis on administrative ethics is required to equip public employees with the ability to make impartial yet balanced judgments in administrative dilemmas.

Foreign capital and institutional quality simultaneously play an important role in the development process of low-income countries. By and large developing nations fell short of funds necessary to spur the economic growth. Along with this constraint, they are facing the down fall in the quality of governance. Low earned revenues and high government expenditure increase the reliance upon the foreign capital mostly in the form of foreign aid and external debt. Just the availability of foreign funds is not sufficient to stimulate the economic growth, there is a need of good governance along with better quality of institutions that will act as a catalyst and improves the efficiency of capital, [see for instance, Agnor and Montiel (2010)]. Good governance establishes impartial, predictable and consistently enforced rules in the form of institutions and thus crucial for the sustained growth [North (1990 and 1992)]. Those countries which have good institutions show positive growth rates whenever the stock of capital increases but the countries with bad institutions, increase in capital investment may lead to negative growth rates due to rent seeking and other unproductive activities, Hall, et al. (2010). In this context, North (1992) argues that the institutions as well as the ideology shape economic performance. While taking into account the technology used, institutions affect economic performance by determining the cost of transaction and production. Formal rules, informal constraints and characteristics of enforcing those constraints together formulate the institutions. Institutions affect economic performance and the differential in performance of economies is basically influenced by the way institutions evolve. The neoclassical economic theory is of little help in investigating the sources beneath economic performance because institutions are taken for granted in their models Agnor and Montiel (2010).

AbstractBoth African American and LGBT voters can prove pivotal in electoral outcomes, but we know little about civic participation among Black LGBT people. Although decades of research on political participation has made it almost an article of faith that members of dominant groups (such as White people and individuals of higher socioeconomic status) vote at higher rates than their less privileged counterparts, recent work has suggested that there are circumstances under which members of marginalized groups might participate at higher rates. Some of this research suggests that political participation might also increase when groups perceive elections as particularly threatening. We argue that when such threats are faced by marginalized groups, the concern to protect hard-earned rights can activate a sense of what we call "political hypervigilance," and that such effects may be particularly pronounced among members of intersectionally-marginalized groups such as LGBT African Americans. To test this theory, we use original data from the 2016 National Survey on HIV in the Black Community, a nationally-representative survey of Black Americans, to explore the relationship among same-sex sexual behavior, attitudes toward LGBT people, and respondent voting intentions in the 2016 presidential election. We find that respondents who reported having engaged in same-sex sexual behavior were strongly and significantly more likely to say they "definitely will vote" compared to respondents who reported no same-sex sexual behavior. More favorable views of LGBT individuals and issues (marriage equality) were also associated with greater intention to vote. We argue that these high rates provide preliminary evidence that political hypervigilance can, in fact, lead to increased political engagement among members of marginalized groups.

Nontraditional casting in the theater is examined using the externalist & internalist modes of sociological explanation of cultural phenomenon. Nontraditional casting is considered with respect to ethnicity, age, gender, & physical & social handicaps. Externalist research on the influence of capitalism in the cultural sphere is discussed in terms of the distribution of incomes earned by actors & by their support personnel, segmentation of social life, & mass marketing & commercialization of theater. The internalist approach is examined from the perspective of the concepts of persona, character, & typus. A synthesis combining the externalist & internalist perspectives of nontraditional casting in the theater is offered. 23 References. D. Generoli

This work, entitled "Ambassador Frederick Nolting's Role in American Diplomatic and Military Policy toward South Vietnam (1961-1963)", is concerned with the most salient years of American involvement in Vietnam. As United States Ambassador, Frederick Nolting was sent over to South Vietnam, in May of 1961. He had departed Washington with President Kennedy's instructions to ameliorate the differences that had grown between the American and Saigon governments and thereby enact a diplomatic rapprochement Relations had been badly strained between Diem and the previous American Ambassador, Elbridge Durbrow. This problem had arisen out of the fact that the Eisenhower Administration had discovered that Ngo Dinh Diem was not compliant to American direction. Owing to profound qualities of character Ambassador Nolting was able to turn American-Vietnamese relations in a more amicable direction. In the process of this difficult undertaking, his respect and admiration for Ngo Dinh Diem began to grow, as he became more aware of the basic humility and decency of the Vietnamese leader. As with Edward Geary Lansdale, and others who took the time to get to know Diem, Nolting became a fast friend as surely as he became aware of the man's greatness. Ambassador Nolting's rapprochement and American policy were undone not by the vast immutable forces of history but, instead, by the political will of powerful individual Americans. W. Averell Harriman was pre-eminent amongst these men of power and he drove all before his will, including President Kennedy. This work carefully traces a documentary trail that makes manifest the fact that when President Diem confronted Harriman over the latter's plan for making Laos 'neutral' he earned the American's undying enmity. From that point forward, Harriman steadily undermined support for Diem. Ap Bac, the Buddhist Crisis, problems with the Strategic Hamlets Program, and the purported North-South Vietnamese dialogue only added more fuel to the fire of Harriman's engine. Frederick Nolting stood in ...