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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly and pervasively affecting society. AI and algorithms play a relevant role in the Intellectual Property (IP) discourse as well. Tomorrow, algorithms will of course come as creators and innovators but today they are already here as enforcers. Content sanitization online will soon — and inevitably — become the sole domain of algorithmic enforcement tools. This process towards algorithmic enforcement online has been characterized by a few important recent developments. First, emerging regulatory framework, new legislative obligations and judicial trends would like to force online intermediaries to implement architectural changes leading to sanitization of allegedly infringing content — possibly legit freedom of expression — by design. Second, as a consequence, algorithmic enforcement brings about privatization of enforcement and delegation of public authority. Third, in online enforcement of intellectual property — as well as any other content sanitization — algorithms take decisions reflecting policy's assumptions and interests that have very significant consequences to society at large, yet there is limited understanding of these processes. Finally, but critically for the focus of this investigation, Online Service Providers' (OSPs) regulatory choices — occurring through algorithmic tools — can affect profoundly enjoyment of users' fundamental rights, such as freedom of expression, freedom of information and right to privacy and data protection. This Chapter will map the complex conundrum triggered by algorithmic enforcement in the IP domain with special emphasis on copyright and trademark enforcement online. In doing so, this chapter, first, briefly explains what algorithmic enforcement online actually is. Second, this chapter will dig into voluntary, judicial and legislative measures that have been promoting the emergence of algorithmic enforcement online. Third, this chapter will assess tensions between algorithmic enforcement and human rights, including due process, freedom of information, freedom expression, privacy and freedom of business. In conclusion, this chapter will discuss solutions for protecting human rights from algorithmic enforcement negative externalities.

Many young adults might associate police jobs with dangerous confrontations, but these types of situations represent only a very small part of a law enforcement officer's responsibilities. Law enforcement professionals are charged with maintaining order and enforcing laws at local, state, and federal levels. This informative title describes various law enforcement career paths, including details on training requirements, compensation, and advancement. Readers will learn about the real rewards and challenges across a range of career options, from patrol officer to FBI agent or national park ranger.

Better legal institutions favor economic development, but only in States withsufficiently constrained executive power. We document this novel pattern acrossdeveloping countries, and build a simple model that illustrates how power, and theinstitutions that constrain or complement it, may affect development. We show that thereis a tradeoff between the two facets of power—enforcement and expropriation. As aruler's power grows, his temptation not to enforce diminishes while the temptation toexpropriate grows. As a consequence, private enforcement optimally evolves into Stateenforcement, and legal institutions, which relax the ruler's incentive constraint onenforcement, lose economic importance vis-à-vis political institutions, which limit theexecutive's ability to expropriate. Our results are consistent with the observed crosscountrypatterns, as well as with historical evidence on the transition from the "LawMerchant" private enforcement system to the State. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

On the basis of the science of administrative law and administration, praxeology or organization theory, nowadays, there is a view, that administrative entities should cooperate with each other while performing public tasks. The cooperation of public administration entities as a principle of law, was reflected in the Polish Constitution of 1997 and its content was developed and specified in legislation. The enforcement authorities are entities that enter in different legal relations with participants of the administrative enforcement during their proceedings. At the same time, they are the obligatory participants of the enforcement relationship. The aim of the administrative enforcement proceedings is to compel the obligated entities to meet their obligations which are subject to the administrative enforcement. As the enforcement authorities enter into different legal relations with participants of the administrative enforcement, specific legal instruments were conferred on them, including providing assistance or cooperation. These serve to achieve the aim of the proceedings. Among others, the enforcement authorities cooperate with the police, so that the legal instruments they were given, would be effective. The aim of this article is to outline the essence of the concept of cooperation as a general principle of administrative law and to indicate legal instruments on which the enforcement authorities can cooperate with the police, so that the aim of their proceedings could be achieved. Moreover, the article refers to the procedure for using the legal instruments conferred to the enforcement authorities, i.e. providing assistance and cooperation. It also describes the behaviour of a police officer while being designated for assistance or cooperation. ; Współcześnie na gruncie nauki prawa administracyjnego, prakseologii, teorii organizacji czy nauki administracji panuje pogląd, że podmioty administrujące w procesie wykonywania zadań publicznych powinny z sobą współdziałać. Współdziałanie podmiotów administracji publicznej jako zasada prawna swe odzwierciedlenie znalazła w Konstytucji RP z 1997 r., a jej treść rozwinięta i skonkretyzowana została w ustawodawstwie. Organy egzekucyjne to podmioty, które w ramach postępowania przymusowego wchodzą w rozmaite stosunki prawne z uczestnikami egzekucji administracyjnej i jednocześnie należą do obligatoryjnych uczestników stosunku egzekucyjnego. Celem postępowania egzekucyjnego w administracji jest przymusowe doprowadzenie do wykonania przez zobowiązane podmioty obowiązków podlegających egzekucji administracyjnej. Z racji tego, że organy egzekucyjne wchodzą w rozmaite stosunki prawne z uczestnikami egzekucji administracyjnej, przyznano tymże organom określone instrumenty prawne, do których należy udzielanie pomocy lub asysty. Udzielenie organom egzekucyjnym pomocy lub asysty w trakcie konkretnego postępowania egzekucyjnego służy urzeczywistnieniu celu tegoż postępowania. Aby doszło do skutecznego i efektywnego wykorzystywania przyznanych instrumentów prawnych, organy egzekucyjne współdziałają m.in. z Policją. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie istoty pojęcia współdziałania jako ogólnej zasady prawa administracyjnego, wskazanie instrumentów prawnych, dzięki którym organy egzekucyjne mogą współdziałać z Policją, aby doszło do urzeczywistnienia celu administracyjnego postępowania egzekucyjnego. Ponadto w niniejszym artykule odniesiono się do trybu korzystania z przyznanych organom egzekucyjnym instrumentów prawnych, tj. udzielania pomocy i asysty, a także dokonano charakterystyki sposobu postępowania funkcjonariusza Policji w przypadku wyznaczenia do udzielenia pomocy lub asysty.

AbstractStudies of local law enforcement actions toward immigrants show that while some cities engage in enforcement, many others do not. The extent and determinants of enforcement have been assessed, but these studies have not evaluated the full range of practices, including welcoming practices, toward immigrants. This article introduces the concept of "welcomeness," develops a framework for measuring it, and, using a nationwide survey of local police departments, examines how widely departments are welcoming (or unwelcoming) to immigrants. The data show that many police departments have consciously and deliberately developed practices intended to foster positive relationships between the police and immigrants and to encourage immigrants to call the police for assistance.Practitioner PointsWelcomeness encompasses a range of practices toward immigrants that are often intentionally created, thoughtfully implemented, and found in a variety of communities.The dimensions of welcomeness provide a framework for police departments to assess their practices and provide a model for police departments that want to engage positively with immigrants.Welcoming practices may improve interactions between police officers and immigrants and may improve immigrants' perceptions of local law enforcement.Welcoming police departments often have a deeper commitment to community policing.