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The year 2015 was marked by, among other things, the centenary of the genocide of Armenians and Assyrians. Wherever their diaspora was established, in particular in France, colloquia and various commemorations were organised to remember these massacres knowingly organised by the jean-Turkish triumvirat (Ismail Enver, Talaat Pacha and Djemal Pacha) after those perpetrated by the Sultan Abdulhamid between 1895 and 1896. At a time of great failure of the Ottoman Empire, these ultranationalist leaders saw as a clear example the expulsion of these Armenian and Assyrian Christian elements in order to purify the political and social body of a Turkish nation from their point of view at risk. Moreover, because they were established mainly in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire, these populations were accused of being the fifth column of an orthodox Russia driven by its tropism towards the south and its warm seas. One hundred years later, the world is witnessing the same, if not ethnic, cleansing policy in the region, at least religious. It is no longer the case of Turkish ultranationalists, but radical Islamists, or messianic neosalafists, of the Islamic State and, without targeting them exclusively, this new tragic episode is still affecting Christians. Replacing the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), Islamic State was proclaimed on 29 June 2014 by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (of his true name Ibrahim al-Badri) in Mosul, the former biblique Nineveh. In this city of northern Iraq, non-Sunni populations (Christians and Yazidi) then have to choose between conversion, 'glaive' or tax. All this in a context of violence and forced Islamisation of their places of worship. At the beginning of August, the then military front of the Kurdish Regional Government (GRK) in the north of the city ended up in the hands of Da'esh, which took over the Nineveh Plain and the city of Qaraqosh. As in Mosul, Christian populations must undergo conversion or taxation when they are not exterminated. In anticipation of this, most of ...

The expected acceleration of global growth in 2014 could finally give hope for the end of the crisis after six years of crisis. The possible end of the crisis in the euro area is hopeful of a normalisation of the functioning of the global economy. However, beyond a few positive figures published since the beginning of the year and the expectation of an end of recession in the euro area, there is currently no indication that the difficulties are overcome. The mechanisms of the sovereign debt crisis can reactivate, the US politico-fiscal peaks, which found a temporary solution, may re-emerge in early 2014 and tensions over taxation and rising unemployment are fuelling social concerns. According to the proponents of forced rigour, the improvement in the business climate in the euro area would illustrate the first benefits of the fiscal consolidation strategy as implemented since 2010. This overlooks the very negative multiplier effect of rigour on activity, the lack of coordination of adjustments, which accentuated the recessionary effect of these economic policy choices, and the poor calibration of the effort imposed on countries which stifled the nascent recovery in 2010 and prevented the cyclical part of the deficits from being absorbed. Rather, the improved economic situation in the euro area can be seen as a consequence of the institutional arrangements which helped contain the sovereign debt crisis and which involved the assumption of the risk of holding sovereign debt by third parties through a form of mutualisation. The euro area will be trapped in low growth by 2015 and will hardly be able to rely on the unpleasant dynamism of its external partners, the United States and emerging countries (.). ; L'accélération attendue de la croissance mondiale en 2014 pourrait enfin laisser espérer la fin du marasme après six années de crise. Le terme possible de la crise dans la zone euro porte l'espoir d'une normalisation du fonctionnement de l'économie mondiale. Mais, au-delà de quelques chiffres positifs publiés ...

The global economy is recovering with difficulty from the trauma of the 2008/2009 recession. Of course, recovery plans and automatic stabilisers avoided a depressive process as in the 30s and financial sector support plans prevented cascading bank failures and the destruction of the financial system. However, the mobilisation of all economic policy resources, both conventional and unconventional, has led to the socialisation of unsustainable private debt, left state budgets heavily loss-making and increased public debt to a significant extent. In this situation, European states are alarmingly worried about a possible downgrading of their sovereign ratings. Default threats are gaining some large euro area countries in addition to Greece and risk premia for already distressed countries are soaring. Economic policies are therefore taking the turning point from rigour in Europe to try to restore public finances, at the risk of bringing economies back into recession if the targets announced by governments were to be held to cost. ; L'économie mondiale se relève avec difficultés du traumatisme de la récession de 2008/2009. Bien sûr, les plans de relance et les stabilisateurs automatiques ont évité l'enclenchement d'un processus dépressif comme dans les années 30 et les plans de soutien au secteur financier ont empêché les faillites bancaires en cascade et l'anéantissement du système financier. Mais la mobilisation de l'ensemble des moyens de la politique économique, conventionnels et non conventionnels, a conduit à la socialisation de dettes privées insoutenables, a laissé les budgets des États lourdement déficitaires et accru les dettes publiques dans des proportions importantes. Dans cette situation, les États européens s'alarment d'une possible dégradation de leur note souveraine. Les menaces de défaut gagnent certains grands pays de la zone euro en plus de la Grèce et les primes de risque pour les pays déjà en en difficulté montent en flèche. Les politiques économiques prennent donc le tournant de la rigueur en ...

The experiences of developing 'green' and 'responsible' policies were initially carried out by industrial sectors posing major risks to the environment and thus subject to very young environmental legislation. Then, the increasing pressure from all stakeholders contributed to their development in a large number of organisations. Thus, the recent environmental management function has its full legitimacy within the undertaking which causes nuisances and risks to human health and the environment, known as 'industrial-environmental risks' (EIRs). How should this new function be understood? In this respect, the question of risk perception is interesting because we can better understand how the company perceives EIRs and organises itself internally to better manage them. It is therefore essential to understand how risk perceptions are formed and then to consider effective ways of preventing and managing EIRs. The question of the role of risk perception in putting in place management policies within the company remains largely unaddressed in the management literature. The aim of this paper is to present, on the one hand, a multidisciplinary analysis of the literature on risk and risk perception, one of the ways in which the concept of risk can best be understood. The risk, an unseizable and multidimensional concept, has been approached by various disciplines from the humanities and social sciences as well as from hard sciences. In particular, the concept of risk perception is first necessary in cognitive sciences (psychology, artificial intelligence, anthropology, etc.) and then in mathematics, which now finds applications in economic and management sciences. The aim is to study the theoretical and empirical insights of these different patterns of thinking in understanding the perception of risk and the transition from 'perception' to 'representation of risk'. This dynamic raises, inter alia, the question of the existence of various more or less rational variables influencing the perception of risk and thus ...

In this paper, I highlight a pressing issue facing current and future social policies in the EU: the articulation between social justice and environmental concerns. European social policies have only recently acknowledged the need to integrate the notions of environmental justice and environmental inequalities, which have been part of the US policy arsenal for almost two decades. Indeed, challenges to equality and fairness in the environmental domain are many and growing in Europe. After having defined environmental justice and environmental inequalities in the light of historical developments and recent literature, I address two dimensions of those challenges for the EU: vulnerability and exposure to environmental risk; social fairness in environmental taxation. I finally offer some thoughts on the importance of the justice approach to environmental issues in order to conceive legitimate "socio-ecological policies" able to change in the long run not only behaviours but attitudes of citizens towards the environment.

RESUMEN: A la luz de los modelos presentes en el derecho alemán y la Directiva 93/13/CEE, se analiza el modelo de apreciación de abusividad que establece el artículo 16 letra g) de la ley Nº 19.496. Se explica cómo parte de nuestra doctrina y jurisprudencia acercan el control de contenido al de sorpresividad. Se aduce que esta aproximación entraña el riesgo de desvirtuar el control de contenido, justificando la validez de cláusulas que, pese a introducir desequilibrios normativos significativos al contrato, han sido adecuadamente informadas al adherente. Se propone que la apreciación de abusividad se mantenga en los límites abstractos contemplados en la mentada 16 letra g), fundando el control de sorpresividad en otras reglas de la ley Nº 19.496 y del Código Civil.

France is currently embarking on the path of personalized advertising on television. The idea is to give traditional media access to a financing model that is very common online and is considered much more lucrative than traditional "contextual" advertising. It requires a precise knowledge of the recipients' interests: it is a complete and individualized profile that is sold to the advertiser. At the same time, however, a number of decisions handed down by personal data protection authorities on the basis of the GDPR raise doubts as to whether this business model can continue. Although it is not expressly prohibited by European texts, it is caught in the vice by successive decisions rendered on the lawful basis of processing. It seems difficult to continue to base personalized advertising on the "consent" of Internet users or viewers. "Legitimate interest" also seems to be a dead end. What about "necessity for the performance of the contract"? The answer is complex and uncertain. Thus, in small steps, without much ado, we risk ending up with a de facto ban on a business model that is now titanic. Perhaps it would have been preferable to reach this result at the end of a frontal political and social debate, rather than as a result of a pile of apparently technical decisions.

Peer reviewed ; [EN] The severe crisis affecting the society, economy and the Spanish political situation also has a geographical dimension. Its effects have been very uneven depending on the vulnerability of the territories, which is related to their trajectory and their exposure to risk associated with the growth model followed in recent decades. This paper analyzes the impact of the crisis in the Spanish provinces by fifteen indicators explaining its different intensity and offers some final thoughts on recovery strategies. ; [ES] La profunda crisis que ha afectado a la sociedad, la economía y la situación política española tiene también una dimensión geográfica. Sus efectos han sido muy desiguales según la vulnerabilidad de los territorios, que se relaciona con su trayectoria y su grado de exposición al riesgo asociado al modelo de crecimiento seguido en las últimas décadas. El artículo analiza el impacto de la crisis en las provincias españolas a partir de quince indicadores, interpreta su diferente intensidad y propone algunas reflexiones finales sobre estrategias de recuperación.

International audience Hoffmann (2018) attempts to reconstruct a typology of risks deemed more accurate and useful to both economists and risk managers than currently received views on the subject within mainstream economics/finance and Austrian economics. This comment argues that his criticisms of the Misesian approach and his case for an alternative are unconvincing. We explain weaknesses in his criticisms of the Misesian approach and outline some problems with his constructive task of building up the alternative.

Recently, developed economies have witnessed an emerging dualism between the so-called labor market 'insiders and outsiders'—two groups facing divergent levels of employment security and prospects. Those on the 'inside' occupy stable jobs, while those on the 'outside' confront increased levels of social and economic risks. There are, however, various prominent, but divergent, operationalizations of the insider–outsider phenomenon. While some scholars opt for indicators rooted in current labor market status of individuals, others prefer to consider occupational class groups as bases of the insider–outsider divide. As these operationalizations of outsiderness capture different profiles of outsiders, we test the extent to which they lead to consistent or inconsistent conclusions about electoral behavior. The article yields two consistent findings that are robust across all the operationalizations: that outsiders are less likely to vote for major right parties than are insiders, and that outsiders are more likely to abstain from voting. Additionally, we find that occupation-based outsiders tend to support radical right parties, while status-based outsiders rather opt for radical left parties—a finding supported by the association between social risk and authoritarian preferences. We test our expectations using multinomial logit models estimating vote choice on the first five waves of the European Social Survey from 2002 to 2010 across western Europe.

International audience ; Cette recherche se propose d'explorer la notion de vulnérabilité des sociétés littorales médiévales et modernes de l'Ouest de la France face aux crises engendrées par des événements exceptionnels. Le cadre spatio-temporel de l'étude est localisé en France, de la presqu'île guérandaise à l'île de Ré, entre le xive et le xviiie siècle. Cette zone littorale sensible, voire éminemment fragile par endroits, est régulièrement battue par des vents violents et subit des submersions épisodiques susceptibles d'engendrer des ruptures d'équilibre. Interroger la notion de vulnérabilité socio-spatiale dans une perspective historique a en premier lieu exigé d'identifier les aléas. Le choix fut fait de s'intéresser principalement à ceux liés au vent (tempêtes) et à la mer (submersions). L'étude des impacts de ces phénomènes sur les sociétés, ainsi que l'analyse de leurs réactions a ensuite permis d'aborder en simultané la vulnérabilité et les formes d'adaptation des populations littorales anciennes, en particulier à travers la mise en mémoire, la conscience du risque, le développement de la prévention, etc. Penser la notion de vulnérabilité sur le temps long contraint l'historien à se positionner à la croisée entre facteurs naturels, perceptions mentales, aménagements et décisions politiques

Power generation using nuclear energy is an activity whose risks cannot be ignored and must be subject to an appropriate economic calculation. The specificities of nuclear risk justify the public decision-maker incorporating an adequate valuation of these risks into the balance of costs and benefits: this is a risk which is only partially mutualised, which has a systemic dimension, whose underlying risks are imperfectly probabilisable, and which can lead to catastrophic consequences in the very long term. These various characteristics give nuclear risk a specific dimension which departs it from the usual principles of public economic calculation and each of them justifies a specific valuation of that risk, the probability of which is low or very low, but the potential consequences of which are very high. ; La production d''électricité au moyen de l''énergie nucléaire est une activité dont on ne peut ignorer les risques et elle doit faire l'objet d''un calcul économique approprié. Les spécificités du risque nucléaire justifient que le décideur public incorpore une valorisation adéquate de ces risques dans la balance des coûts et des bénéfices : il s'agit d''un risque qui n''est que partiellement mutualisable, qui a une dimension systémique, dont les aléas sous-jacents sont imparfaitement probabilisables, et qui peut conduire à des conséquences de nature catastrophique sur le très long terme. Ces différentes caractéristiques donnent au risque nucléaire une dimension spécifique qui l'éloigne des principes usuels du calcul économique public et chacune d''entre-elles justifie une valorisation spécifique de ce risque dont la probabilité est faible ou très faible, mais dont les conséquences potentielles sont de très forte intensité.

The article aims at formulating five substantive laws that serve to characterise the unique temporary nature of physical pain. The first three are common to many conscientious experiences: cursive nature of the pain, or not instantaneity of the phenomenon; the present nature of the doler, in the sense that the previous retentional course is not added to the doliant printing; changing nature of any painful process, which never goes wrong. The fourth law refers to how the present painful is not integrated with its own past into a coherent deployment, but rather results in a long moment flowing with torpeza, stagnating on itself while exciting or uprooting. The pain is not without a 'temporary figure', but it decomposes at any time and is essentially arrhythmic. The fifth law assumes a particular risk of the actual duration of the pain, which may be either short-lived, short-lived or unfinished. The last two laws, profoundly 'anti -musical', make it possible to speak of an amorphous temporary nature of suffering. ; Peer reviewed ; The article aims at formulating five substantive laws that serve to characterise the unique temporary nature of physical pain. The first three are common to many conscientious experiences: cursive nature of the pain, or not instantaneity of the phenomenon; the present nature of the doler, in the sense that the previous retentional course is not added to the doliant printing; changing nature of any painful process, which never goes wrong. The fourth law refers to how the present painful is not integrated with its own past into a coherent deployment, but rather results in a long moment flowing with torpeza, stagnating on itself while exciting or uprooting. The pain is not without a 'temporary figure', but it decomposes at any time and is essentially arrhythmic. The fifth law assumes a particular risk of the actual duration of the pain, which may be either short-lived, short-lived or unfinished. The last two laws, profoundly 'anti -musical', make it possible to speak of an amorphous ...

Summary This article explores spiritistic practices in Colombia during the second half of the nineteenth century as an act of resistance to the Catholic Church. This is in a context of the rogue of the Catholic Church which put political and religious dissidents such as spiritists at risk. The analysis of documents for a history of spiritism in Colombia between 1868 and 1889 was carried out by recognising in this religious dissent universal ideas such as equality, fraternity, anti-ericalism freedom, the securisation of the state and the defence of values such as freedom of worship. Research showed that in cities such as Bogotá and Medellín spiritism was widely disseminated in the circles of craftsmen and new burglary which in the 19th century were mainly related to the liberalism of the radical wing, the printing world and the Colombian artistic and cultural development of that period. ; Resumen Este artículo estudia las prácticas espiritistas en Colombia durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX como un acto de resistencia a la Iglesia católica. Esto en un contexto de romanización de la Iglesia católica que puso en riesgo a quienes fueran disidentes políticos y religiosos como los espiritistas. El análisis de los documentos para una historia del espiritismo en Colombia entre 1868 y 1889 se efectuó reconociendo en esta disidencia religiosa ideas universales como las de igualdad, fraternidad, libertad anticlericalismo, laicización del Estado y la defensa de valores como la libertad de cultos. La investigación pudo evidenciar que en ciudades como Bogotá y Medellín el espiritismo tuvo una amplia difusión en los círculos de artesanos y de nuevos burgueses que en el siglo XIX se relacionaron principalmente con el liberalismo del ala radical, con el mundo de la imprentas y con el desarrollo artístico y cultural colombiano de ese periodo.

In a hospital setting and among older patients, inactivity and bedrest are associated with a wide range of negative outcomes such as functional decline, increased risk of falls, longer hospitalization and institutionalization. Our aim was to assess the distribution, determinants and predictors of physical activity (PA) levels using wrist-worn accelerometers in older patients hospitalized with acute medical illness. Observational study conducted from February to November 2018 at an acute internal medicine unit in the University hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland. We enrolled 177 patients aged ≥65 years, able to walk prior to admission. PA during acute hospital stay was continuously recorded via a 3D wrist accelerometer. Clinical data was collected from medical records or by interview. Autonomy level prior to inclusion was assessed using Barthel Index score. PA levels were defined as < 30 mg for inactivity, 30-99 mg for light and ≥ 100 for moderate PA. Physically active patients were defined as 1) being in the highest quartile of time spent in light and moderate PA or 2) spending ≥20 min/day in moderate PA. Median [interquartile range - IQR] age was 83 [74-87] years and 60% of participants were male. The median [IQR] time spent inactive and in light PA was 613 [518-663] and 63 [30-97] minutes/day, respectively. PA peaked between 8 and 10 am, at 12 am and at 6 pm. Less than 10% of patients were considered physically active according to definition 2. For both definitions, active patients had a lower prevalence of walking aids and a lower dependency level according to Barthel Index score. For definition 1, use of medical equipment was associated with a 70% reduction in the likelihood of being active: odds ratio (OR) 0.30 [0.10-0.92] p = 0.034; for definition 2, use of walking aids was associated with a 75% reduction in the likelihood of being active: OR = 0.24 [0.06-0.89], p = 0.032. Older hospitalized patients are physically active only 10% of daily time and concentrate their PA around eating periods. Whether a ...