Suchergebnisse

The article addresses political socialization as a theoretical problem caused by the need for developing research and coordinating positions on key issues in this area. At the level of definitions of concepts related to the theory of political socializa-tion, shortcomings and contradictions in this field of scientific knowledge are re-vealed. Political socialization is a spontaneous process. However, this objective social pro-cess has its own content, mechanisms, results, sustainability and its own internal structure, orderliness, i.e. it completely falls under the concept of a system. Any state takes a set of actions that can keep the parameters of the system of po-litical socialization within certain limits, or in other words, carries out directed de-velopment. The article analyzes the directed part of the political socialization of the Kazakh youth. The main tools and mechanisms of political influence on young people, the process of forming political values, and the main agents of influence on the politi-cal consciousness of young students are identified.

This paper explores China's in situ urbanisation and its implications for the paradigm of extended metropolitan areas. Based on preliminary results of the 2000 census, field surveys and interviews, government statistics and documents, and direct observation in Fujian Province of China, a region without much influence of mega-cities, the analysis shows that in situ urbanisation resulting from the transformation of rural settlements has played an important role since the 1980s. The paper examines major factors contributing to the process of in situ urbanisation, especially the development of township and village enterprises, government policies and foreign investment. Some underlying conditions, such as local historical and geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, high population density and improvement in transport and communications, are also discussed, and the future prospect of the urbanisation pattern in the context of local economic restructuring and urbanisation strategies in the new century is gauged. The paper also assesses the relevance of the paradigm of extended metropolitan areas to the urbanisation pattern, and suggests the need for a conceptual framework focusing on the urbanisation process resulting from bottom-up rural developments.

This paper explores China's in situ urbanisation and its implications for the paradigm of extended metropolitan areas. Based on preliminary results of the 2000 census, field surveys and interviews, government statistics and documents, and direct observation in Fujian Province of China, a region without much influence of mega-cities, the analysis shows that in situ urbanisation resulting from the transformation of rural settlements has played an important role since the 1980s. The paper examines major factors contributing to the process of in situ urbanisation, especially the development of township and village enterprises, government policies and foreign investment. Some underlying conditions, such as local historical and geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, high population density and improvement in transport and communications, are also discussed, and the future prospect of the urbanisation pattern in the context of local economic restructuring and urbanisation strategies in the new century is gauged. The paper also assesses the relevance of the paradigm of extended metropolitan areas to the urbanisation pattern, and suggests the need for a conceptual framework focusing on the urbanisation process resulting from bottom-up rural developments.

Does small-city management experience (<50,000 population) help city managers get large-city management jobs (>100,000 population), and does it help them to keep the large-city jobs? The answers to these questions are important for city managers planning a move to a larger city and for young professionals planning a career in city management. This study indicates that the large-city assistant city manager (ACM) position is the prevalent route for getting a large-city manager's position, while small-city experience by itself may have a negative influence on managers' job tenure in large cities. A career path combining both large-city ACM and small-city management experiences helps large-city managers keep their jobs.

Since the 1980's, justice system expenditures in the United States have increased nearly 300%, adjusting for inflation. And though rates of violent and property crimes have decreased by close to 50% since the 1990's, total arrests have fallen by only 20% in the same period. The relationship between crime and police expenditures has yet to be answered to a definitive degree. This paper attempts to identify the social and economic factors that drive the changes in per-capita police spending of 140 large city governments in the United States, for the eight year period of 2005 to 2012. A fixed-effects panel model of per-capita police expenditures is developed using two-stage least-squares estimation. These findings suggest that local police expenditures may respond to local budgetary capacities and past spending to a greater degree than rates of violent crime and other social or demographic factors.

AbstractThis article pieces together an understanding of everyday life grounded in the social imagination and everyday experiences of informal transport workers (ITWs) in Lagos, Nigeria's commercial capital and Africa's largest city. The article has two core objectives: to elevate the everyday practices of ITWs to the status of a critical concept in order to advance a sociology of everyday life, and to ground these practices on the precarious rhythm of everyday life as lived by people with the experience of radical uncertainty. By using crisis as a context of action and meaning, the article shows how uncertainty serves as a social resource that ITWs leverage to negotiate the precarious nature of everyday life and to make the most of their time. This foregrounding of uncertainty enhances our hitherto tenuous grasp of labour precarity, informal agency and the everyday struggle for survival in Africa's informal transport sector.

Wertvorstellungen, Freizeitverhalten, Schulleistungen,
Gemeinschaftsbeziehungen in der Schulklasse und familiale
Verhältnisse.

Themen: Verstehen und Zusammenhalten im Klassenkollektiv;
Geschlecht, Einstellung, Schulleistung, Eigenschaften und
FDJ-Mitgliedschaft des tonangebenden Schülers; Häufigkeit des
Treffens mit Klassenkameraden; Beteiligung am Schulleben;
Teilnahme an Arbeitsgemeinschaften und am außerunterrichtlichen
Sport; Freizeitpartner; Art und Weise des Kennenlernens der
Freunde; Freizeittreffpunkte; Zahl der Freunde; Häufigkeit der
Treffen; Wichtigkeit bestimmter Eigenschaften für einen Freund;
Sozialstatus des(r) besten Freundes(in); Sozialstatus der Eltern
des(r) besten Freundes(in); präferierte Freizeittätigkeiten;
Freizeitorte; Besuch von Freizeiteinrichtungen außerhalb des
Prenzlauer Bergs; Beziehungen im Klassenkollektiv; Verhalten der
Klassenkameraden; Charaktereigenschaften Jugendlicher;
Alltagswerte (Skala); Vertrauenspersonen; Kritik am Schulleben;
gerechte Behandlung in der Schule, Familie, Öffentlichkeit;
soziale Kontrolle durch Eltern; Entscheidungsbereiche in der
Familie; Erwartungen der Eltern; Wichtigkeit der Anerkennung
durch Eltern, Lehrer, Freunde, Klassenkameraden, FDJ-Leitung und
besten(e) Freund(in); eigenes Zimmer; erreichte Schulleistungen;
Mitglied der FDJ; Funktionen; Anzahl der Geschwister;
Familienstruktur; Tätigkeit, Allgemeinbildung und
Berufsausbildung der Eltern; Höhe des Taschengeldes; präferierte
Geldausgaben; Ferienarbeit; Berufswunsch; Besitz von Konsumgütern
in der Familie; Wohnbedingungen.

Practicing physicians, hospital directors, members of the hospital's board of directors and government health care planners can benefit from an accurate description of a hospital catchment area. The sociodemographic and geographic characteristics of the catchment area of Wakefield, PQ.'s 31-bed Gatineau Memorial Hospital (GMH) were studied. A randomized, door-to-door survey was conducted among permanent residents in the catchment area. The response rate was 96.1%. We found language to be an important and complex determinant of hospital utilization patterns. Orientation towards the city also affected the pattern of hospital use; those who lived between Wakefield and Ottawa-Hull were more likely to use a city hospital, as were those who had recently moved to the area, or who commuted to work in the city.