Life expectancy has long been seen as an indicator of the quality of life as well as the health of a population. Recent trends in US life expectancy show growing inequality in life expectancy for some socioeconomic and geographic groupings but diminishing inequality by race and gender. For example, while African Americans had gains in life expectancy, non-Hispanic white women with low levels of education experienced drops. Overall, the United States continues to fall behind other countries in terms of life expectancy. One reason is our growing mortality in midlife from so-called deaths of despair. Public health programs cannot eliminate these adverse trends if they are not also accompanied by social policies supporting economic opportunity for US families.
AbstractBehind the steady march of progress toward longer life expectancy in many low‐mortality countries, there have been setbacks even before the Covid‐19 pandemic. In this paper, we use an exploratory approach to describe the temporal structure, age patterns, and geographic aspects of life expectancy reversals. We find that drops in life expectancy are often followed by larger than average improvements, which tells us that most reversals are transitory with little long‐term influence. The age structure of mortality decline when life expectancy falls is tilted toward older ages, a pattern that is quite different from the general pattern of mortality improvement. Geographic analysis shows that mortality reversals are correlated across neighboring countries like Italy and France, or Canada and the United States. These findings are consistent with contagious disease and weather being important causes of life expectancy reversals. We conclude with a discussion of implications for formal modeling and forecasting of mortality to accommodate these patterns that violate some standard assumptions.
Compared to the large body of research on mortality differentials between East Central Europe and the former Soviet Union, little attention has been paid to how overall population health status differs between these two country groups. This article investigates disparities in population health, measured by healthy life expectancy (HLE) between ages 20 and 74, for 23 Eastern European countries in 2008. There are substantial disparities in partial HLE between East Central Europe and the former Soviet Union, amounting to differences of 10 years on average for men and women. In addition, factors reflecting the malfunction of existing social structure are inversely associated with partial HLE. Accordingly, populations in countries where corruption, restriction of freedom, and violence are prevalent spend fewer years in good health.
Intro -- Contents -- Introduction - The drifting apart of gender-specific life expectancies in Europe 1850-2010 -- Germany and Austria -- The impact of biological factors on sex differences in life expectancy: insights gained from a natural experiment -- The gender gap in life expectancy in Austria and the change in the working environment (c. 1900-1950) -- The reduction of the gender gap in life expectancy in Austria since the 1980s: an educational phenomenon? -- Western Europe, Belgium and the Netherlands -- Gender specific mortality trends over the epidemiological transition: a view from the British mainland 1850-2000 -- The evolution of the gender gap in life expectancy in Belgium and the smoking epidemic (1841 to 2013) -- The mortality gender gap in the Netherlands 1850-2000 -- Sweden -- Gender-specific life expectancies in Sweden 1810-1980 -- Changes in the gender gap in life expectancy in Sweden: A cohort analysis with the most recent trends -- Switzerland -- Evolution of the gender gap in Switzerland -- How do causes of death influence the evolution of the gender gap in life expectancies in Switzerland? -- Conclusions - Gender gap similarities and differences in Europe -- Authors.
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The aim of the research is to examine the relationship between each of four factors affecting life expectancy and life expectancy and thereby provide primary data for government policy. First, the research chose four factors among many factors affecting life expectancy. The four factors chosen are as follows: infant mortality, educational attainment, electric power consumption, and internet. And multiple regression analysis was conducted with data of South Korea drawn from World Bank databank. Regression specification error test (RESET) also conducted so as to check whether a regression model specified is adequate. The findings show that life expectancy has a positive relationship with educational attainment, electric power consumption, and education, while there is a negative relationship between infant mortality and life expectancy. It also shows that an effect of electric power consumption on life expectancy is so weak. But infant mortality has the strongest effect on life expectancy in the four factors. Given that infant mortality reflects a level of health care, it could be assumed that life expectancy in South Korea would be much mediated by health care.
Conservative state policies are killing Americans. U.S. life expectancy gains since 2010 would be 25% greater for women & 13% greater for men if state policies hadn't become more conservative.
Objectives This study investigates educational inequalities in dual functionality, a new concept that captures a combination of physical and cognitive functioning, both of which are important for independent living and quality of life.
Methods Using data from the Health and Retirement Study and the National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality Files, we define a measure of dual functionality based on the absence of limitations in activities of daily living and dementia. We estimate age-graded dual-function rates among adults 65+ and age-65 dual-function life expectancy across levels of education stratified by gender.
Results In their mid-60s, 67% of women with less than a high school degree manifest dual functionality as compared with over 90% of women with at least a 4-year college degree. A similar pattern holds among men. These education-based gaps in dual functionality remain across later life, even as dual-function rates decline at older ages. Lower dual-function rates among older adults with less education translate into inequalities of 6.7 and 7.3 years in age-65 dual-function life expectancy between men and women, respectively, with at least a 4-year college degree compared to their counterparts with less than a high school degree.
Discussion Older adults, particularly women, with less than a high school degree are estimated to live a smaller percentage of their remaining years with dual functionality compared with older adults with at least a college degree. These inequalities have implications for the distribution of caregiving resources of individuals, family members, and the broader healthcare community.
Eine Kombination von sinkender Geburtenrate und steigender Sterblichkeitsrate hat negative Auswirkungen auf die demographische Entwicklung in Rußland. Wenngleich der Trend zu einem verlangsamten demographischen Wachstum bereits lange vor der Reformperiode begonnen hat, wurde er durch die im Gefolge des Transformationsprozesses einsetzende sozialpolitische und ökonomische Krise noch verschärft. (BIOst-Mrk)
