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Jenseits des Schulenstreites zwischen systemischer Therapie und Psychoanalyse werden Möglichkeiten der Integration affekttheoretischer Ansätze in ein lösungsorientiertes systemisches Konzept skizziert. Dabei wird die Bedeutung der Bindungstheorie und der empirischen Säuglingsforschung unterstrichen. Thesenartige Überlegungen zur pragmatischen Umsetzung in der therapeutischen Arbeit schließen sich an.

Many of the processes influencing recruitment to an adult fish population or entry into a fishery occur very early in life. The variations in life histories and behaviours of young fish and the selective processes operating on this variation ultimately determine the identities and abundance of survivors. This important volume brings together contributions from many of the world's leading researchers from the field of fish ecology. The book focuses on three major themes of pressing importance in the analysis of the role that the early life history of fishes plays in the number and quality of recruits: the selective processes at play in their early life history; the contributions of early life history to the understanding of recruitment

The British tradition of political life history has six conventions: 'tombstone' biography, separation of public and private lives, life without theory, objective evidence and facts, character and storytelling. I describe each in turn and review the main debates in the tradition before turning to the swingeing critique by 'the interpretive turn'. Postmodernism deconstructed grand narratives by pronouncing the death of the subject and the death of the author. I outline an interpretive approach that reclaims life history by focusing on the idea of 'situated agency': that is, on the webs of significance that people spin for themselves against the backcloth of their inherited beliefs and practices. I explore, with examples, the implications of this approach for writing life history, stressing the different uses for biography open to political scientists. I end with some brief thoughts on why the British tradition of political life history has proved resistant to change.

Formal models of life-history evolution have been used to illuminate both the peculiarities of the human life cycle and its commonalities with those of other taxa. Understanding reproductive decisions in both the contemporary market-based economies of wealthy nation-states and rapidly changing populations largely of the Global South presents particular challenges to evolutionary life-history theory for several reasons. These include (a) the rapidity with which reproductive patterns change, (b) the magnitude of fertility reduction from previous equilibria, and (c) the frequent absence or even reversal of expected wealth-fertility gradients. These empirical challenges have been met to an increasing extent by specifically incorporating durable wealth and resource transfers into more traditional life-history models. Such relatively new models build on classical life-history theory to generate novel predictions. Among these are quite robust predictions that the existence of heritable wealth will decrease optimal fertility and that, once the system of resource transfers is established, fertility and resource transfers will coevolve.

What causes interindividual variation in fitness? Evidence of heritability of latent individual fitness traits has resparked a debate about the causes of variation in life histories in populations: neutralism versus empirical adaptationism. This debate about the processes underlying observed variation pits neutral stochastic demographic processes against evolutionarily relevant differences among individual fitness traits. Advancing this debate requires careful consideration of differences among inference approaches used by proponents of each hypothesis. Here we draw parallels between several disciplines focusing on processes generating variation in individuals' life-course, and we contrast methodologies to disentangle these processes. We draw on other disciplines to clarify terminology, risks of flawed inference, and expand the panel of hypotheses and formalizations of processes generating variation in life histories. Trends Evidence of heritability of individual fitness traits in wild populations has reopened a debate about the relative contribution of neutral, stochastic demographic processes to observed variations in life histories. There are conceptual differences among published studies documenting heterogeneity in life histories; differences so fundamental that they led to misunderstandings between schools of thought. The question of the processes generating heterogeneity in longitudinal trajectories has stimulated a large body of work in econometrics, political, social and biomedical sciences, which have highlighted risks of flawed inference; these risks have been overlooked in biology. Other disciplines offer useful frameworks for future work on life histories in three areas: terminology, the characterization of the diversity of processes underlying variation in life histories, and the methods of statistical inference to disentangle these processes.

While the categories of adolescence and puberty are often treated as one, the existence of two distinct terms points to different kinds of maturation in humans. Puberty refers to a period of coordinated somatic growth and reproductive maturation that shifts individuals from nonreproductive juvenility to reproductive maturity. Adolescence includes the behavioral and social assumption of adult roles. Life history theory offers powerful tools for understanding why puberty occurs later in humans than in other primates, including the benefits of delayed reproduction as part of a cooperation-intensive life history strategy. It also sheds light on the ways that pubertal timing responds to environmental variation. I review the mechanisms of maturation in humans and propose biocultural approaches to integrate life historical understandings of puberty with a broader definition of environment to encompass the concept of adolescence.

To provide a more holistic view of the family, scholars seek theoretical principles that can bridge and enhance existing paradigms. In this article, we introduce evolutionary life history theory and describe 4 midlevel life history theories (psychosocial acceleration, paternal investment, differential susceptibility, and parent‐offspring conflict). These theories will enable family scholars to expand their understanding of contemporary human families from an evolutionary perspective by creating novel research questions that will lead to innovative, interdisciplinary research.

In this article, I review three longitudinal studies that have investigated how exposure to more versus less predictable environments shunt individuals down different developmental pathways. After describing key principles of life history theory and how stress can shape social development over time, I discuss an interrelated set of findings from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation. Collectively, these studies reveal the pathways through which exposure to more unpredictable, chaotic early‐life environments prospectively forecast engaging in riskier behaviors and shorter‐term, more opportunistic, and less investing orientations to mating and parenting in one or both genders. I conclude by discussing the broader goals underlying this program of research.

The acknowledged success of earlyHomohas generally been thought to reflect male‐dominated provisioning and associated patterns of co‐operative social organization; recently, however, such conclusions have been challenged with the argument that post‐menopausal females, instead, played a significant role in early human subsistence activities; males, it has been proposed, had a very minor role in food acquisition in earlyHomo. The fossil record, however, indicates minimal old‐age survivorship of either sex and heavy young adult mortality, a pattern which is also seen in larger prehistoric and ethnographic samples. Heavy young adult mortality, when combined with characteristically slow maturation, represents a paradox which humans have solved through new reproductive strategies (early weaning and alloparenting) and new life history stages (childhood and adolescence). Stone tools, when used to acquire marrow and brain tissue to feed needful youngsters, may also have been among the strategies developed in response to frequent early parental death.

Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by bone mass reductions and heightened fracture risk; its global prevalence rates are projected to increase precipitously over the next few decades. Evolutionary and life-history perspectives have proven valuable for offering a different lens with which to consider the etiologies of common chronic diseases, and in this review, these approaches are applied to osteoporosis. Although there are many perspectives on human susceptibility to bone loss, this article explores the most prominent and empirically studied theories. Osteoporosis is considered within the context of theories on aging (e.g., antagonistic pleiotropy, disposable soma) and mismatch theory. Female vulnerability is considered within a separate evolutionary framework and has been articulated as a trade-off between reproduction and skeletal health. Recent advancements in bone imaging techniques for skeletal and living human and nonhuman primate populations (i.e., CT scans, ultrasonometry) have facilitated huge strides in contextualizing osteoporosis within evolutionary theory.