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Main issue of the article are local cooperation networks between institutions, which work on reintegration people, who are at risk of social marginalization. The author is interested in answer for efficient idea to create local, socialprofessional reintegration networks and can subjects of social employment (Centers and Clubs of Social Integration) play the role of local institutional leaders, around which these support networks are creating. Basically conclusion is that Centers and Clubs of Social Integration can play the role of leaders, who creates networks, but process of their establishment and working depends on many characteristic elements for local communities – favor of local power, subject's social employment potential and relationship with other subjects of local social policy.

This study examines the role that community networks can take in fulfilling McQuail's call for a more democratic-participant form of mass media. Community networks, which are online grassroots organizations designed to promote local community initiatives, increased their Internet presence in the 1990s. However, their number has declined in recent years. Earlier research has suggested that community networks fail because they lack a unified identity, have not determined their specific purpose on the Web, and do not provide relevant information to network members. Findings suggest that community networks wishing to achieve sustainability should concentrate their efforts on developing social capital and fostering strong democracy. This study examines the extent to which those existing community networks are working toward developing such content on their sites. Findings suggest that community networks are currently working toward developing content that promotes social capital but that far fewer networks are using their sites to promote strong democracy.

Abstract
There is a tendency in the literature on local digital media use and neighborhood outcomes to conceptualize Social Network Sites (SNSs) as mere transmission channels, thereby ignoring SNSs' dynamics and limiting the understanding of their role in neighborhood life. Informed by Communication Infrastructure Theory and social media literature, we propose and test a model to investigate the association between the use of SNSs, appropriated as online neighborhood networks, and neighborhood sense of community. We administered a survey to Flemish online neighborhood network users (n = 590) and found that active localized SNS use brings about an online sense of community and community awareness, which both independently lead to a neighborhood sense of community. Based on these findings, we argue that SNSs, appropriated as online neighborhood networks, function simultaneously as neighborhood hotspots in a neighborhood's communication action context as well as community awareness media in a neighborhood's storytelling network.

Inventors embed themselves in knowledge networks consisting of links between knowledge elements and collaboration networks with other inventors. These two networks are decoupled: Their structural features are distinct, and they jointly influence inventors' local searches for knowledge. Using a longitudinal patent dataset comprising 12,174 observations, this study investigates the effects of two structural features of inventors in these networks—degree centrality and structural holes—on their local search behaviors. Our findings reveal that the degree centrality of inventors' knowledge elements in the intra-organizational knowledge network contributes to the depth and breadth of their local search behaviors, while structural holes hinder such behaviors. Furthermore, the effect of degree centrality in the intra-organizational knowledge network for local searches increases when inventors hold central positions and span more structural holes in the intra-organizational collaboration network. The negative effect of structural holes in the knowledge network for local searches weakens when inventors hold central positions in the collaboration network. These findings contribute to the literature on knowledge searches by decoupling the knowledge and collaboration networks and analyzing their effects on the depth and breadth of local searches and offer practical implications to organizational managers and researchers.

This study focused on the roles that community integration and community-boundedness (the relevance of a topic for a specific community) play on knowledge gaps. Given the extensive evidence linking media exposure with community ties, the authors hypothesized that ties with the local community could potentially mitigate local public affairs knowledge gaps. They also examined if the relevance of a topic to a subgroup would lead to lower knowledge gaps. A survey of 661 residents of Franklin County, Ohio, showed that whereas community ties were unrelated to knowledge, community-boundedness could be an important determinant of knowledge gaps on local public affairs. Additional analysis of the data also suggests that length of association with the community could be a potentially important contingent condition in the amelioration of knowledge gaps. The authors argue that their findings extend traditional findings of knowledge gaps that apply to geographically defined communities to studying "communities without propinquity."

Some argue that, as place-bound, development-oriented entities dependent upon capital, community development corporations (CDCs) are ineffective political agents beyond the boundaries of the disadvantaged neighborhoods they serve. In response I ask: how have CDCs worked through policy networks to rescale the 'spaces of engagement' for community development policy beyond the local? Data gathered through document analysis, a survey, and interviews point to three distinct phases of the CDC rescaling project: (1) linking the local through a national network; (2) expanding spaces of engagement through state policy networks; and (3) a national network of networks. CDC policy networks have had uneven success in establishing their legitimacy, proving CDC effectiveness as agents of local economic development, overcoming 'militant particularisms', and mobilizing both the state and capital. CDCs can expand their spaces of engagement beyond the local through policy networks if they successfully develop boundary-spanning relations, defend their place-based agenda, combat essentialization through performance measurement, strengthen their state networks, and reimagine their national rescaling project.