Suchergebnisse

Purpose. The article is devoted to clarifying the role of physicality and psycho-physical characteristics of a person as a preconditions of the mentality forming. It is conducted a retrospective analysis of discourse on the mentality, the history of the concept, its temporal characteristics and collective conditioning. The concept of mentality has been widely studied in various fields of socio-humanities such as: history, psychology, and even marginal context of scientific discourses, including the esoteric. This study attempted to analyse the mentality phenomenon through the prism of the concept of experience. Methodology. The concept of experience was acquired by essential justification through the representatives of the phenomenological approach - the late Edmund Husserl, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Bernhard Valdenfels. On the other hand the concept of mentality as a form of collective unconscious experience was entered to the scientific vocabulary by the representatives of the French historical science - M. Bloch, L. Febvre, J. Le Goff and others. At the intersection of these two methods, historical and phenomenological, the genetic method has been established – as a history of coverage and experience of internalization. Thanks to the application of genetic method the transition of phenomenon into the concept was examined. Novelty. The problem of change dynamics of mental phenomenon, in particular psycho-physical nature of a person, which has been only mentioned in F. Braudel works but has not received the adequate theoretical coverage, is analysed. To explain the practices of physicality and causality of this factor the action component of the cultural the overview of developments of such authors as V. Rozin (2005), M. Epstein (2005), N. Brunov (2003), A. Soares, M. Farhangmehr, A. Shoham (2007), D. Vaskul, F. Vannini Hospital (2012) was committed. Conclusions. The transition to paradoxical behaviour that is oriented on sign, and not on signalling actions, to the productive, and not to reactive activity, transformed the human physicality, as well as the person's self-image and contributed to the formation of specifically human environment of existence, which is called in the broadest sense the world of culture, but not nature.

The article focuses on economic education broadened by the effects of market mechanism on social system. In economic and social research, the two basic approaches are individualism and collectivism. The article emphasises that individualism is of great importance for market func- tioning and for an efficient economic system. It clarifies chosen market categories – optionality, reciprocity and solidarity, competition, which formed and confirmed personality traits of people, social rules and institutions – and relationship between economy and policy as important elements of formation of individualistic mentality. Relation between economy and policy becomes crucial and in principle contradictory one. Po- licy requires legalisation of means of power, coercion and force which brought permanent threat of their abuse. Despite of this threat collectivisation of economic activity and expansion of public needs changed state from "inevitable evil" to the "creator of prosperity". Market economy changed to mixed economy and collectivistic concepts begin prevail in social mentality promising faster and "more comfortable" solutions to economic and social problems usually resulting in negative economic and social consequences in the long run. In spite of expansion of collectivistic mentality in transitive economies and also in advanced democracies (through the impact of integration trends) especially in the twentieth century, individu- alistic mentality is consideredby the authors as more adequate not only for efficient economic but also for optimal social development. Economic education can significantly contribute to formation of individualistic mentality.