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This article explores the relationship between the agrarian and national questions. It is argued that the ambiguities and gaps in the developmental theories after the Second World War have been progressively unveiled by the more successful processes of capitalist development of the twentieth century, which combined sustainable economic growth, reduction of social inequalities and improvement of political institutions with the progressive inclusion of the working masses. The relevance of the relation between the agrarian and the national questions was often obscured in prescriptive theories, but came to be anticipated in some of them, providing heuristic tools for the development of new projects and new utopias. The article interrogates one of these analysts, Fernando Fajnzylber, key ideologue of the neostructuralism in Latin America, with regard to his vision on development, an explicitly knowledge-based one, and much more rural-based than assumed by the old ECLA structuralism.

ABSTRACT The idea that states should take on an enhanced role in the pursuit of development is once again becoming increasingly pronounced in the global South. In Latin America, the 'return of the state' is associated with neostructuralism or post‐neoliberalism and the rise of the New Left. Post‐neoliberal projects of governance seek to retain elements of the previous export‐led growth model whilst introducing new mechanisms for social inclusion and welfare. In addition to being a project of growth based on exports and expanded social spending, post‐neoliberalism has a distinctive political character. This article explores the pillars of the new governance project, emphasizing the citizenship claims associated with it, along with some of the tensions that arise from export‐dependent growth, budget limitations, a weak tax base and the difficulties of managing enhanced social expectations. In making their argument, the authors draw on the examples of Bolivia, Ecuador and Argentina.

The role of the State in the promotion of the economic growth and better income distribution is the main topic of this article. A heterodox model that takes into account different hypothesis, from neokeynesianism, neomarxism and neoestructuralism is analyzed. It shows the relationship between politics and economics, relation that the neoliberal tradition hides since many years ago. The main conclusion is that the State must fight for the implementation of new models of economic and social development in countries like Mexico with high social development deficit. ; El artículo aborda la relación entre la distribución del ingreso y el crecimiento económico en términos generales, con énfasis al caso de México, desde diferentes puntos de vista teóricos. Plantea un modelo de interpretación heterodoxo partiendo de hipótesis neokeynesianas, neomarxistas y neoestructuralistas. Señala la estrecha relación que existe entre la política y la economía, relación que la corriente neoliberal ha tratado de separar desde hace mucho tiempo. Propone al Estado como el impulsor de nuevos modelos de desarrollo económicos y sociales para países como México con un alto déficit de desarrollo social.

The Chilean governance model of resource extraction challenges the view that post-neoliberalism is an opposing development model rejecting the Washington Consensus, which is constitutive of neoliberal governance. Instead, post-neoliberalism is continuity with change, where marketised governance in mining is maintained by the Chilean state yet certain policy agendas are introduced in response to the failures of staunchly private sector-driven development. Neostructuralism follows the logic of productivism, which emphasise the depoliticisation of copper management and the political exclusion of voices critical of the model. However, it breaks away from the typical mode of neoliberalism because there exist political spaces for contestation of copper policy, particularly through the re-regulation of labour practices and the passage of royalty law to address Chile's vulnerabilities to external factors affecting copper production. The article contributes to the understanding of continuities and changes in post-neoliberal Latin America by unpacking the elements of natural resource governance in one of the most widely cited successful cases of a mining-based development model in the developing world. Adapted from the source document.

Cover -- HANDBOOK OF SEMIOTICS -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- INTRODUCTION -- I. History and Classics of Modern Semiotics -- History of Semiotics -- Peirce -- Morris -- Saussure -- Hjelmslev -- Jakobson -- II. Sign and Meaning -- Sign -- Meaning, Sense, and Reference -- Semantics and Semiotics -- Typology of Signs: Sign, Signal, Index -- Symbol -- Icon and Iconicity -- Metaphor -- Information -- III. Semiosis, Code, and the Semiotic Field -- Zoosemiotics, Ethology, and Semiogenesis -- Communication and Semiosis -- Function -- Magic -- Structure -- System -- Code -- Teaching -- IV. Language and Language-Based Codes -- Verbal Communication: Introduction -- Language in a Semiotic Frame -- Arbitrariness and Motivation: The Language Sign -- Paralanguage -- Writing -- Universal Language -- Sign Language -- Language Substitutes -- V. From Structuralism to Text Semiotics: Schools and Major Figures -- Introduction -- Structuralism, Poststructuralism, and Neostructuralism -- Russian Formalism, Prague School, Soviet Semiotics -- Barthes's Text Semiotics -- Greimas's Structural Semantics and Text Semiotic Project -- Kristeva's Semanalysis -- Eco -- VI. Text Semiotics: The Field -- Text Semiotics: Introduction -- Hermeneutics and Exegesis -- Rhetoric and Stylistics -- Literature -- Poetry and Poeticalness -- Theater and Drama -- Narrative -- Myth -- Ideology -- Theology -- VII. Nonverbal Communication -- Nonverbal Communication: Introduction -- Gesture, "Body Language," and Kinesics -- Facial Signals -- Gaze -- Tactile Communication -- Proxemics: The Semiotics of Space -- Chronemics: The Semiotics of Time -- VIII. Aesthetics and Visual Communication -- Aesthetics -- Music -- Architecture -- Objects -- Image -- Painting -- Photography -- Film -- Comics -- Advertising -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX OF SUBJECTS AND TERMS -- INDEX OF NAMES.

<p>Neste artigo, exploro a genealogia da contribuição crucial que os cientistas sociais latino-americanos fizeram para os estudos de desenvolvimento durante a segunda metade do século XX. Os estruturalistas contestaram a teoria convencional do comércio internacional, que havia sido proposta pelos teóricos do norte. Os teóricos da dependência criticaram as interpretações ortodoxas do subdesenvolvimento, como as propostas pelos teóricos da modernização, também principalmente do Norte. Aponto duas vertentes da teoria da dependência. Uma emergiu do processo de autocrítica de estruturalistas, e a outra teve suas raízes no marxismo crítico. Com o surgimento do neoliberalismo, alguns estruturalistas de dependência desenvolveram o neoestruturalismo, enquanto alguns dependentistas marxistas desenvolveram a teoria do sistema mundial. As idéias de pensadores estruturalistas e de dependência geraram debates acirrados, capazes de desafiar suas teorias ortodoxas, centradas no Norte, e de propor uma teoria alternativa do desenvolvimento do Sul.</p><p>THE LATIN AMERICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO CRITICAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY </p><p>In this article I explore the genealogy of the crucial contribution which Latin American social scientists made to development studies during the second half of the twentieth century. The structuralists, through their centre-periphery paradigm, disputed the conventional theory of international trade which had been proposed the theorists from the North. In turn, dependency theorists critiqued the orthodox interpretations of underdevelopment, such as those proposed by modernization theorists, also mainly from the North. It is important to distinguish between two strands within dependency theory. One emerged from a process of self-criticism by structuralists and the other had its roots in critical Marxism. With the rise of neoliberalism some dependency structuralists developed neostructuralism while some Marxist dependentistas developed worldsystem theory. The ideas of structuralist and dependency thinkers generated fierce debates. They were able to challenge their orthodox and Northerncentric theories and propose an alternative critical theory of development from the South.</p><p>Keywords: Structuralism. Internal colonialism. Marginality. Dependency theory. Neostructuralisms.</p><p>LES CONTRIBUTIONS DE L'AMÉRIQUE LATINE À LA THÉORIE CRITIQUE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT</p><p>Dans cet article, j'explore la généalogie de la contribution cruciale que les chercheurs en sciences sociales d'Amérique latine ont apportée aux études sur le développement au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle. Les structuralistes ont contesté la théorie conventionnelle du commerce international qui avait été proposée aux théoriciens du Nord. Les théoriciens de la dépendance ont critiqué les interprétations orthodoxes du sous-développement, telles que celles proposées par les théoriciens de la modernisation, aussi principalement du Nord. Il est important de distinguer deux volets dans la théorie de la dépendance. L'un a émergé d'un processus d'autocritique par les structuralistes et l'autre a ses racines dans le marxisme critique. Avec la montée du néolibéralisme, certains structuralistes dépendants ont développé le néostructuralisme tandis que certains dépendantistes marxistes ont développé la théorie du système mondial. Les idées des penseurs structuralistes et dépendants ont suscité de vifs débats.</p><p>Mots clés: Structuralisme. Colonialisme interne. Marginalité. Théorie de la dépendance. Néostructuralisme.</p>

Cover -- Endorsement -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Figures and tables -- About the Authors -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Critical Development Studies: An Introduction -- 1 Introduction to Critical Development Studies: Four Characteristics With Illustrations From Seven Decades -- Notes -- References -- Part I History as Development -- 2 Unravelling the Canvas of History -- Origins of the Development Agenda -- The Development Project Takes Shape -- The Right to Development -- The Nation-State, Capitalism, and Development -- The Financialisation of Development and the Global Financial Crisis -- From Global Crisis to a Reconfiguration of International Power Relations -- Note -- References -- Part II Thinking Critically About Development -- Questions for Discussion -- 3 Critical Development Theory: Results and Prospects -- Marx and Development -- Leninism and Development -- Socialism and Underdevelopment -- Postdevelopment -- References -- 4 Race In/and Development -- Race: What's Development Got to do with it? -- Development: What's Race Got to do with it? -- The 'White Gaze of Development' -- Excavating Robinson's 'Racial Capitalism' -- Haiti as a Prototypical Case Study of Racial Capitalism -- Mainstreaming Race as an Anti-Racist Agenda for Development -- References -- 5 Development Theory: The Latin American Pivot -- Structuralist Theory of Development -- Dependency Theory -- Neostructuralism and Alternative Development -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 Postdevelopment and Other Critiques of Development -- Postdevelopment as Critique -- Postdevelopment as a Space for Alternatives -- Reactions and Constancy in Relation to Postdevelopment -- Rethinking Critical Development Studies -- Levels of Critical Development Studies.

The existence of common features and regularities of the neostructuralist model of modernization in the successfully modernized economies of East Asian countries with different regimes is substantiated. Above all, it is an active "entrepreneurial" role of the state in developing infrastructure as an important factor of production and encouraging, under competitive market environment, export-oriented sectors of the economy based on existing comparative advantages, gradual introducing to competitive positions in domestic and foreign markets the previously established large capital-intensive and high-tech enterprises. A critical prerequisite for success is the state's proper attention to developing "soft" infrastructure, in particular, ensuring such important components of the "inclusive" economy as respect for property rights, impartiality of commercial courts, wide choice of economic activity, quality education system devoid of class privileges and status barriers, etc. All these components are present in modern highly competitive economies of the Confucian tradition. It is shown that the center-periphery paradigm, reflecting the fractal nature of economic and social networks, organically fits into the theory of the new structural economy at all levels of analysis, strategy, and practical economic policy. Thus, even from a low agricultural start with an active and purposeful structural policy of the state, it is possible to form "cores" of comparative competitiveness, derived from endogenous rather than exogenous factors of economic development. Based on the factor endowment of national economy, enterprises with existing comparative advantages, regardless of whether they belong to the first or sixth technological mode, should be provided by the state with additional incentives (credit, infrastructure, etc.) to enter foreign markets, attract foreign investors, carry out technology transfer. Particular attention is paid to the modernization experience of Poland, whose government since the end of 2016 has been applying in its economic program and policy the theoretical achievements and practical experience of East Asian neostructuralism.

Der Beitrag untersucht einige grundlegende wissenschaftstheoretische sowie methodologische Konsequenzen, die sich aus dem Verhältnis von Sozialforschung und dem Ansatz der so genannten performativen Sozialwissenschaften ergeben. Ausgangspunkt für diese Ausführungen und auch deren Abschluss markiert die historische Epistemologie von Gaston Bachelard. Bachelard hat Gemeinsamkeiten von und Unterschiede zwischen Literatur und Wissenschaft analysiert. Im Zentrum stehen die Fragen nach der spezifischen Kreativität der Wissenschaften, die er mit dem Konzept des epistemologischen Bruchs ermöglicht sieht. Bachelards Epistemologie kann als die wissenschaftstheoretische Position des (Neo)Strukturalismus aufgefasst werden kann. Der Beitrag bezieht sich aber auch auf den (Neo)Pragmatismus, der wiederum eine andere Problematisierung der performativen Sozialwissenschaft zulässt. Die Kombination dieser beiden Megaparadigmen bietet sich an, da beide gerade auch mit ihren Methodologien in der qualitativen Sozialforschung einflussreich sind. Letztendlich geht es so um die Fragen nach einer unabhängigen Erkenntnispraxis der Wissenschaften einerseits und den Konsequenzen aus ihrer gesellschaftlichen Involviertheit andererseits.