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"Law of the Sea" published on by Oxford University Press.

executive summary: This article examines the perspectives and policies of both China and the U.S. regarding airspace claims in the East and South China Seas and offers a policy prescription to address the underlying political issues driving both nations toward a collision. main argumentThe U.S. and China are moving further into a downward spiral based on misperceptions regarding each other's airspace policies in the East and South China Seas. Weary of U.S. surveillance flights close to its borders, China has responded to such activities by increasingly challenging the right to conduct such flights. The desire to push U.S. military flights farther away has prompted China to establish an East China Sea air defense identification zone and erect similar restrictions, albeit on a smaller scale, in the South China Sea. The U.S., meanwhile, has interpreted these actions as incrementally destabilizing the rules-based international order as well as posing a direct threat to its long-held freedom of navigation interests. The Treaty on Open Skies provides a model to ease the political differences between the two countries by accounting for the core concerns driving U.S. and Chinese policies. policy implications
• Far from making the country more secure, China's policy of contesting freedom of navigation outside its twelve nautical mile territorial sea demarcation invites the U.S. and other regional powers to oppose China through military operations to ensure access to the international commons around its mainland. • Absent other measures that take Beijing's perspective into account, continued U.S. freedom of navigation operations and surveillance flights in close proximity to China meant to keep air and sea space free and open will induce aggressive counterreactions that produce the opposite of the intended outcome. • A bilateral framework based on the Treaty on Open Skies model that addresses the concerns of both states, while preserving their underlying interests, would add balance to the confrontational policies adopted by both states heretofore.

18 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, supplementary material https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.565968/full#supplementary-material ; Like most ocean regions today, the European and contiguous seas experience cumulative impacts from local human activities and global pressures. They are largely in poor environmental condition with deteriorating trends. Despite several success stories, European policies for marine conservation fall short of being effective. Acknowledging the challenges for marine conservation, a 4-year multi-national network, MarCons, supported collaborative marine conservation efforts to bridge the gap between science, management and policy, aiming to contribute in reversing present negative trends. By consolidating a large network of more than 100 scientists from 26 countries, and conducting a series of workshops over 4 years (2016–2020), MarCons analyzed challenges, opportunities and obstacles for advancing marine conservation in the European and contiguous seas. Here, we synthesize the major issues that emerged from this analysis and make 12 key recommendations for policy makers, marine managers, and researchers. To increase the effectiveness of marine conservation planning, we recommend (1) designing coherent networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the framework of marine spatial planning (MSP) and applying systematic conservation planning principles, including re-evaluation of existing management zones, (2) designing MPA networks within a broader transboundary planning framework, and (3) implementing integrated land-freshwater-sea approaches. To address inadequate or poorly informed management, we recommend (4) developing and implementing adaptive management plans in all sites of the Natura 2000 European conservation network and revising the Natura 2000 framework, (5) embedding and implementing cumulative effects assessments into a risk management process and making them operational, and (6) promoting actions to reach 'good environmental status' in all European waters. To account for global change in conservation planning and management, we further recommend (7) developing conservation strategies to address the impacts of global change, for example identifying climate-change refugia as high priority conservation areas, and (8) incorporating biological invasions in conservation plans and prioritizing management actions to control invasive species. Finally, to improve current practices that may compromise the effectiveness of conservation actions, we recommend (9) reinforcing the collection of high-quality open-access data, (10) improving mechanisms for public participation in MPA planning and management, (11) prioritizing conservation goals in full collaboration with stakeholders, and (12) addressing gender inequality in marine sciences and conservation ; This article was undertaken in the framework of COST Action 15121 "Advancing marine conservation in the European and contiguous seas" (MarCons; http://www.marcons-cost.eu; Katsanevakis et al., 2017), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). KY was supported by a NERC Knowledge Exchange Fellowship (NE/P00668X/1). CP would like to acknowledge FCT/MCTES national funds for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019). AB received salary support from the Canada Research Chairs Program ; Peer reviewed

The ecological patterns of structure formation and spatial differentiation of the winter fauna of mammals in the seas of the northeastern Palearctic are analyzed. The method of aviation route surveys in a 1 km wide zone was applied. Aerial surveys in the end of 1987-1988 winter period covered the Bering, Chukchi, East Siberian Seas, and the eastern part of the Laptev Sea. The recorded species of mammals (n = 7) are ecologically associated with open sea areas, sea ice, continental and island coasts, and continental tundra. The winter fauna of mammals in the seas of the northeastern Palearctic accounts for 23% of the total mammalian fauna of the region; pinnipeds and cetaceans predominate in terms of the number of species. The similality of the winter fauna of mammals in the Arctic Ocean and the Northern Pacific is 36%. Most of the mammals were observed on the leads in the contact zones between different types of ice or in iceholes among the ice of autumn formation. Polar bears were most often observed near the Wrangel Island, beluga whales - to the east and northeast of the Navarin Cape, walruses - to the south of the Providence Bay. The average density of the winter population of mammals in the surveyed seas of the Northeastern Palearctic is 6.2 individuals/100 km². Walruses, beluga whales, and ringed seals predominate in the population, totaling 94% of the animal numbers.

Abstract. SANIFS (Southern Adriatic Northern Ionian coastal Forecasting System) is a coastal-ocean operational system based on the unstructured grid finite-element three-dimensional hydrodynamic SHYFEM model, providing short-term forecasts. The operational chain is based on a downscaling approach starting from the large-scale system for the entire Mediterranean Basin (MFS, Mediterranean Forecasting System), which provides initial and boundary condition fields to the nested system. The model is configured to provide hydrodynamics and active tracer forecasts both in open ocean and coastal waters of southeastern Italy using a variable horizontal resolution from the open sea (3–4 km) to coastal areas (50–500 m). Given that the coastal fields are driven by a combination of both local (also known as coastal) and deep-ocean forcings propagating along the shelf, the performance of SANIFS was verified both in forecast and simulation mode, first (i) on the large and shelf-coastal scales by comparing with a large-scale survey CTD (conductivity–temperature–depth) in the Gulf of Taranto and then (ii) on the coastal-harbour scale (Mar Grande of Taranto) by comparison with CTD, ADCP (acoustic doppler current profiler) and tide gauge data. Sensitivity tests were performed on initialization conditions (mainly focused on spin-up procedures) and on surface boundary conditions by assessing the reliability of two alternative datasets at different horizontal resolution (12.5 and 6.5 km). The SANIFS forecasts at a lead time of 1 day were compared with the MFS forecasts, highlighting that SANIFS is able to retain the large-scale dynamics of MFS. The large-scale dynamics of MFS are correctly propagated to the shelf-coastal scale, improving the forecast accuracy (+17 % for temperature and +6 % for salinity compared to MFS). Moreover, the added value of SANIFS was assessed on the coastal-harbour scale, which is not covered by the coarse resolution of MFS, where the fields forecasted by SANIFS reproduced the observations well (temperature RMSE equal to 0.11 °C). Furthermore, SANIFS simulations were compared with hourly time series of temperature, sea level and velocity measured on the coastal-harbour scale, showing a good agreement. Simulations in the Gulf of Taranto described a circulation mainly characterized by an anticyclonic gyre with the presence of cyclonic vortexes in shelf-coastal areas. A surface water inflow from the open sea to Mar Grande characterizes the coastal-harbour scale.

The overall goal of WP2 in FarFish is to "advance knowledge and collate data related to biological characteristics of the main fish stocks in the selected fisheries, and to evaluate the appropriateness, relevance and applicability of stock assessment models currently in use for these fisheries", as per the DoA. Task 2.2 and deliverable 2.2 contributes towards these goals by creating a "Data Management Plan", as per the Horizon 2020 Open Research Data Pilot. The deliverable contains 14 forms detailing the content of all datasets used within FarFish, how it will be preserved, and steps taken to make data publically available after the project end. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 727891.

The overall goal of WP2 in FarFish is to "advance knowledge and collate data related to biological characteristics of the main fish stocks in the selected fisheries, and to evaluate the appropriateness, relevance and applicability of stock assessment models currently in use for these fisheries", as per the DoA. Task 2.2 and deliverable 2.2 contributes towards these goals by creating a "Data Management Plan", as per the Horizon 2020 Open Research Data Pilot. The deliverable contains 14 forms detailing the content of all datasets used within FarFish, how it will be preserved, and steps taken to make data publically available after the project end. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 727891.

Manuscript of the paper presented at the Sophistication Conference 2019, "Copia and Copiousness", 14-16 November 2019, TU Wien, Panel 2: "All, and then Some". ; If modernity was supposed to be the age in which world-images were abrogated or discredited as world-views, or as ideologies to be critiqued and deconstructed, our contemporary condition seems to be faced with an unexpected reappearance of images and of their importance for orienting our values. Instead of coming from mythology, theology or philosophy, these "world-pictures" are rather 'renderings' and 'accounts' of scientific models; by conceiving and studying their subject as a closed environment-as an oikos, a 'house'-disciplines like economy and ecology are able to project their own picture of the world. Yet, such pictures become normative (they acquire the power to legitimate policies) only when they are pushed to their own limit; in other words, these pictures become images whenever they stage the crisis of their own model. But is this phenomena limited to the contemporary condition and to its presumedly singular 'criticality', or is it rather pertaining to 'human' orders and to 'artificial' techniques at large? Looking at the interplay between images and crisis might open up a field of perspectives able, if not to escape, at least to rethink any apocalyptic prophecy, for how 'scientific' its base might be. ; 1 ; 18 ; 18

The overall goal of WP2 in the FarFish project is to "advance knowledge and collate data related to biological characteristics of the main fish stocks in the selected fisheries, and to evaluate the appropriateness, relevance and applicability of stock assessment models currently in use for these fisheries", as presented in the project description (DoA). Task 2.2 and deliverable 2.2 contributes towards these goals by creating a "Data Management Plan" (DMP), in accordance with the Horizon 2020 Open Research Data Pilot. The DMP was initially developed in the first months of the project and was first published in month six (November 2017) of the project. The DMP has been regularly updated during the lifetime of the project and this is the fifth, and final (revised), version. The DMP contains 47 forms detailing the content of all datasets used within FarFish, how it will be preserved, and steps taken to make data publically available after the project end. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 727891.

The assumption was made that Cetaceans, both whales and dolphins, are using geomagnetic field of Earth for orientations during migration. Pinnipeds also make long-distance migrations in open seas without apparent reference point. That may be an evidence of magnetic sense in pinnipeds. In this paper we describe development and construction of experimental installation based on Helmholtz coil for gray seal magnetoreception research. A technique of "selection of an object with specified characteristics" is described, adapted for conduction of experiments with pinnipeds.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Making the Connection: Profits, Pleasure and Work on the Open Seas -- 2 Flags of Convenience: Sovereignty-for-Lease in the Maritime World -- 3 Floating Resorts: Political Economy of Pleasure Production -- 4 Structured Hedonism: Consumption of Deep Ocean Pleasure Cruising -- 5 'Mini-United Nations': Foreign Migrant Labour on Cruise Ships -- 6 Navigating Morality in and for the Twenty-First Century -- Bibliography -- Index

A main reason for the recent escalation of tensions in Eastern Europe is the absence of an
effective security structure encompassing such militarily weak countries as Moldova, Georgia,
and Ukraine. While Ukrainian public opinion has recently made a U-turn from a rejection to
an embrace of NATO, the Alliance will not be ready to extend its commitments farther east
anytime soon. Although future enlargement of the Alliance is possible, Ukraine's confrontation
with Russia as well as Moscow's anti-Western stance would have to decrease significantly for
that to happen. Recently, the opposite tendency was on display: The more aggression the
Kremlin has shown, the less likely it is that the North Atlantic Council will open its doors to
new members in conflict with Moscow.

This Open Access book describes the history of the relationship between the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF), the heir to the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), and the United States Navy (US Navy), with a focus on the individuals who helped build it. Former enemies who fought fiercely on the seas and in the air during the Pacific War, the two navies came to respect each other in action. Soon after the war, when the Cold War turned hot, they began to work together as allies, driven by their respective national interests. With the generous assistance of the US Navy, the JMSDF was established as its counterpart. Over the years, these two navies have gradually built strong ties. Individual officers and sailors on both sides overcame mixed feelings about their erstwhile foes to feel respect for and trust in each other. This was made possible by conducting countless joint exercises and operations at sea. US Navy leaders began to realize that this small maritime force, notwithstanding domestic political, constitutional, and legal limitations, does its job well, is reliable, and can be fully trusted. The JMSDF realized that, sharing common interests and values, there was no better navy in the Asia-Pacific region to ally with. Over seventy years of accumulated shared experiences have transformed this into perhaps the most successful navy-to-navy partnership in the world. The US-Japan maritime alliance today is anchored in this history. Numerous admirals, officers, and sailors of the two navies working together have greatly contributed to the stability and prosperity of the Asia-Pacific region for the past seven decades. This book is intended for readers interested in the history of US-Japan relations and for naval officers and sailors from the US and other countries. It is the author's sincere desire that they read this book and appreciate the longstanding cooperation between the JMSDF and the US Navy