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This article considers the pacifism of Max Plowman, the notable British pacifist. It focuses upon the period between the outbreak of the Second World War and his death in June 1941. It examines the strategy for British pacifism that Plowman advocated at that time, and situates it in the context of ongoing debates in the Peace Pledge Union (PPU), in which Plowman was a leading figure. As a point of contrast to Plowman's viewpoint, consideration is given to the arguments advanced by the Forward Movement grouping within the PPU. The article notes that Plowman's pacifism originated in the First World War and developed in the stormy decade of the 1930s. It considers how well the pacifism Plowman advocated stood up to the challenges of the Second World War, and to what extent it acted as a useful guide for pacifists during that war.

The author analyzes the classical Christian viewpoints on the military, presenting the wide spectrum of ethical problems related to the national requirement of performing military service, participation in war, the death penalty, etc. The paper also draws attention to the historical background of the penetration of both the concepts of "just war theory" and extreme pacifism into the Russian-Ukrainian brotherhood of the Evangelical Christians-Baptists. The au0thor notes both the Russian "sectarian" and the "Orthodox-monastic" influence on the traditional pacifism of a con0siderable portion of the Slavic Baptists and discusses the ambiguity of the definitions of military involvement even in the creeds of the EC0B, as well as the sharp contradiction between some official publications and the actual life of local congregations. The research contains a brief survey of the key biblical texts on the problem, which are mainly interpreted from the position of Christian pacifism. At the same time, the author points out the known shortcomings or moral limitations of the admissibility of pacifism, spe0 cifically in its extreme legalistic form.

International audience ; This article presents some pacifist ideas developed in various economists' works since the origins of economic thought. The Classicals considered international peace to be a normal result (as well as a necessary condition) of economic development and human progress. Such a conception is also shared by other schools of thought, such as Utopian socialism or institutionalism. Some economists were active in the development of the pacifist movement before the First World War, which led to the organization of several international Peace Congresses. During the Cold War, certain economic studies on military expenditure and the arms race contributed to the denunciation of an excessive militarism. However, the post‐Cold War disarmament highlighted the costs of the necessary peace investment. There is a substantial research agenda and a need for more academic economists to undertake analytical and empirical work in this important field.

International audience ; This article presents some pacifist ideas developed in various economists' works since the origins of economic thought. The Classicals considered international peace to be a normal result (as well as a necessary condition) of economic development and human progress. Such a conception is also shared by other schools of thought, such as Utopian socialism or institutionalism. Some economists were active in the development of the pacifist movement before the First World War, which led to the organization of several international Peace Congresses. During the Cold War, certain economic studies on military expenditure and the arms race contributed to the denunciation of an excessive militarism. However, the post‐Cold War disarmament highlighted the costs of the necessary peace investment. There is a substantial research agenda and a need for more academic economists to undertake analytical and empirical work in this important field.

Established & stereotypical attitudes about women's relation to war are examined. Statements opining the relatively abstract or relational bent of male & female thinking are cited. Links between thinking types & warmongering are drawn. Quotes & opinions from the work of Burguieres, Carroll, Harris, Ruddick, & Steihm are used to inspect narrow views of women, men, & armed conflict. The feminist theoretical challenge for a rethinking of the meaning of power & its use in various contexts is enhanced by quotes from Weber & Foucault. The "women & peace" stereotype is considered in relation to male pacifists such as Gandhi & Tolstoy, & with regard to war as a pursuit of abstract ideals. Conclusions focus on the discrepancies belying hidebound notions of women & peace. Reworking of responsibility through powerful institutions & societal networks is advocated. M. C. Leary

I argue there is no pacifist commitment implied by the practice of mothering, contrary to what Ruddick suggests. Using violence in certain situations is consistent with the goals of this practice. Furthermore, I use Ruddick's valuable analysis of the care for particular individuals involved in this practice to show why pacifism may be incompatible with caring passionately for individuals. If giving up passionate attach-ments to individuals is necessary for pacifist commitment as Ghandi claims, then the price is too hith.

International audience ; At a time when international tensions between East and West are intensifying, pacifism seems to be reborn Economists highlight the purely economic foundations of war, even if their speeches are heterogeneous, even contradictory. For the pacifists, militarism is often the condition of war, it reinforces the violence of the modes of production and it has harmful effects on the capitalist and socialist economies. In France, the peace movement brings together the fight against capitalism, the rejection of excessive inequality, ecology, the defence of the Third World and the defence of butter against that of the cannon. Disarmament for development covers an even wider population of supporters, which partly explains why the International Disarmament for Development Fund is a project presented and defended by the French government. ; Au moment où les tensions internationales entre l'Est et l'Ouest s'intensifient, le pacifisme semble renaître Les économistes mettent en avant les fondements purement économiques de la guerre, même si leurs discours sont hétérogènes, voire contradictoires. Pour les pacifistes, le militarisme est souvent la condition de la guerre, il renforce la violence des modes de production et il exerce des effets néfastes sur les économies capitalistes et socialistes. En France, le mouvement pour la paix regroupe la lutte contre le capitalisme, le refus des inégalités excessives, l'écologie, la défense du Tiers-Monde et la défense du beurre contre celui du canon. Le désarmement pour le développement recouvre une population encore plus large de partisans, ce qui explique en partie que le Fonds Internationale de Désarmement pour le Développement soit un projet présenté et défendu par le gouvernement français.

International audience ; At a time when international tensions between East and West are intensifying, pacifism seems to be reborn Economists highlight the purely economic foundations of war, even if their speeches are heterogeneous, even contradictory. For the pacifists, militarism is often the condition of war, it reinforces the violence of the modes of production and it has harmful effects on the capitalist and socialist economies. In France, the peace movement brings together the fight against capitalism, the rejection of excessive inequality, ecology, the defence of the Third World and the defence of butter against that of the cannon. Disarmament for development covers an even wider population of supporters, which partly explains why the International Disarmament for Development Fund is a project presented and defended by the French government. ; Au moment où les tensions internationales entre l'Est et l'Ouest s'intensifient, le pacifisme semble renaître Les économistes mettent en avant les fondements purement économiques de la guerre, même si leurs discours sont hétérogènes, voire contradictoires. Pour les pacifistes, le militarisme est souvent la condition de la guerre, il renforce la violence des modes de production et il exerce des effets néfastes sur les économies capitalistes et socialistes. En France, le mouvement pour la paix regroupe la lutte contre le capitalisme, le refus des inégalités excessives, l'écologie, la défense du Tiers-Monde et la défense du beurre contre celui du canon. Le désarmement pour le développement recouvre une population encore plus large de partisans, ce qui explique en partie que le Fonds Internationale de Désarmement pour le Développement soit un projet présenté et défendu par le gouvernement français.

Pacifism is often interpreted as an absolute moral position that claims it is always wrong to go to war. As such, it is often rejected on the grounds that it excludes or overlooks other moral considerations, such as an obligation to resist aggression or defend fundamental human rights. Vocational pacifism, restricted to those who choose nonviolence as a way of life, is one version of pacifism that might overcome some of the objections connected to its moral absolutism. Contingent pacifism, on the other hand, acknowledges the complexities of moral reasoning connected to decisions concerning the use of armed force while retaining pacifist objections to war & preparations for war. Even contingent pacifism is limited by its individualism or voluntarism as a moral position, however. War resistance contributes its analysis of the political or structural factors responsible for war or preparations for war while retaining pacifism's moral impetus for action. Adapted from the source document.