Suchergebnisse

Having been considered as rational actor acting based on national interests, sovereign states is also understood have their own identities. Moreover, state identities have pivotal role on determining state behavior in international social structure. Stand on that assumption, this paper will describe the four state identities of Islamic Republic of Iran that assist to find an answer for interesting question: why did Iran export their Islamic Revolution throughout Middle East during Ayatollah Khomeini's era (1979-1989)?During export of revolution, Iran was in war with Iraq and ideologically conflicted with Saudi while its fundamental ideology was spread across by propagating via international radio network and supporting oppressed nations in some countries. This historical phenomenon will be explained by Constructivism in International Relations, especially based on Alexander Wendt's Social Theory of International Politics. It can be seen that there are four identities of Iran: as an Islamic Iran nation, velayat-e faqih-based Islamic Republic, core of Islamic world, and part of Pan-Islam.

This study seeks to conduct a critical analysis of the vision and practice of PoliticalIslam held by the leading Islamic parties in Indonesia, the National Mandate Party (PAN), theNational Awakening Party (PKB) and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS). Strategy and themethods adopted by the three parties are not always based linearly with Islamic style. Theanalysis will be directed at explaining their adaptive actions and changes in response to theconcrete political realities and developments. Political Islam will be placed in the context notonly in terms of identity and ideological elements but also in its intersection with efforts toachieve the targets of political power and success in general elections both in a short-termand a long term. The authors believe that the theme of Political Islam is very interesting after observingthe phenomenon of national politics especially since 2017. Strengthened Islamic identitysentiment over the past two years through the National Movement of Guarding MUI Fatwa orGNPF-MUI has undeniably attracted more public attention. Political mobilization against thecase of blasphemy by the Governor of Jakarta at that time had opened crucial political spaces.Thus, the struggle for identity politics in Indonesia has become more dynamic and furtherstudy or research is highly needed. The development of the Islamic party in Indonesia to acertain degree shows the irony and paradox.

Somali attitudes towards Pan-Africanism, and more particularly towards the federation of African states, have to be understood in relation to the very special conditions of the Horn of Africa. It will be necessary therefore to begin this survey with a few general remarks about the Somali Peninsula and the special characteristics of Somali nationalism.

Based on 'Abdurra'uf Fitrat's early publications the book discusses what intellectual milieu it was that shaped his worldview in the early 1910s, a worldview that could be designated as a first attempt at "freedom and sovereignty through Islam". A thorough review of these publications also brings greater clarity how he related to the worldwide community of Muslims and how he positioned himself towards political unity of the Muslim World.

A complete and thorough study of the question should embrace the following points:A. The Pan-American idea: its inception, and its development up to the present time.B. The need of an international Pan-American understanding that shall create the desire for Pan-American conciliation.C. The promotion of Pan-American conciliation leading to the promulgation of an international Pan-American policy of coöperation in all affairs of the Americas.Under "A" we have to consider: The movement for political emancipation in the Americas; the early and subsequent attempts to establish unions, leagues and federations among the republics; the attitude of the political leaders in America toward closer relations; the conditions obtaining in the several sections of America, and their influence for or against the realization of the ideals upon which the commonwealths were established; the congresses, conferences, and meetings of every nature, held in the Americas to promote Pan-American policies; the evolution of the Pan-American idea since Bolivar and Henry Clay, through Blaine up to the present day.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Glossary -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. The Broken Garden: Ruination and Iqbal's Political Aesthetic -- 2. Selfhood's Aesthetic -- 3. Khūdī and Be-khūdī: Selfhood and its Fluctuations -- 4. Pan-Islam, Race and Nationalism -- 5. The Aesthetics of Travel -- 6. Iqbal, Cosmopolitan Modernity and the Qu'rān -- 7. Islamic Hellenism, Selfhood and Poetry -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index.

Abstract
In this text, the script of a performance/lecture, which combines live puppetry, digital film, and a lecture, is paired with a prefatory essay that seeks to address the theoretical questions raised by the play about embodiment, mind, AI, and the staging of consciousness. The play was performed at the Centre for the Less Good Idea, an arts laboratory, in Maboneng, Johannesburg, South Africa, in October 2018. In the play, two characters stand in as the early pioneers of primate research, Wolfgang Köhler (an early Gestalt psychologist) and Jane Goodall, whose observational fieldwork shifted primate studies profoundly. These two distinctive intellects advanced the commitment of the human species to work toward the preservation of, and engagement with, higher primates and in such ways altered our apprehension of the limits of the human through a challenge posed by our closest nonhuman kin. The play also explores the research of Norbert Wiener, the pioneer of the field of cybernetics (a term that he invented). Wiener inaugurated the massive proliferation of research into "feedback" theory, which he saw as fundamental to mechanic intelligence. In such terms, Wiener too was thinking about the limits of the human. The play introduces some discussion of artistic responses to these fields of inquiry through exploring the writings of Samuel Beckett and J. M. Coetzee. The play also addresses ethical questions about the uses of research. Both Wiener and Köhler used their work on the humanities in order to address our obligation to the human. At the same time, the play addresses our relations to those who, for reasons of ideology, "fall" outside of our definitions of the fully human. Much of the persuasive power of the work arises from the uncanny performances and in particular the staging of a life-sized wooden chimpanzee puppet. In this sense, the work makes an argument about meaning as embodied.